France

Geography

France (French République Française) is a republic in Western Europe. In the Alps, near the Italian and Swiss borders, is Western Europe's highest point—Mount Blanc (15,781 ft.). Except for extreme northern France, the country may be described as four river basins and a plateau. France is approximately hexagonal in shape, with an extreme length from north to south of about 600 miles and a maximum width of about 580 miles. The total area of metropolitan France, which also includes the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean, is 210,026 square miles. To put it in perspective, it is about 80 percent the size of Texas.

The population of France (2000 estimate) is 59,128,187, giving the country an overall population density of 282 per square mile. Some 75 percent of the population is classified as urban. The capital and largest city is Paris, and has approximately 10,150,000 people in the metro area.

The climate of France is generally temperate, but wide regional contrasts occur. In the interior, particularly the northeastern region, severe winters and hot summers are normal. The average daily temperature range in Paris is 34 to 43F in January and 55 to 75F in July. At Marseille, on the Mediterranean coast, the daily average is 35 to 50F in January and 63 to 84F in July. Average precipitation is 26 inches per year in Paris, and 22 inches annually in Marseille. Weather throughout much of France can be changeable at all times of year. Regional variations in precipitation range between about 55 inches annually in the mountainous areas and about 10 inches annually in certain northern lowland areas.

France is richly endowed with an excellent balance of both mineral and agricultural resources. The nation produces substantial amounts of iron ore. In addition, France has sizable deposits of antimony, magnesium, pyrites, tungsten, salt, potash, radioactive materials, lead, and zinc. Coal mining has decreased significantly since the 1960s, as many mines have been depleted and are now closed. Production of natural gas and sulfur is being developed.

France has extensive tracts of fertile soils, the richest of which are the marine sediments of the Paris Basin and the well-watered alluvial soils of the lower valleys of the Seine and Somme rivers. Cultivated fields, orchards, and vineyards occupy 35 percent of France’s land. Under normal conditions French farms, which are mainly small-scale enterprises, average about 82 acres each.

Economy

France is the world's fourth largest economic power and its fourth largest exporter. In 1999, its GDP was 8,833 billion francs ($1.2 trillion) and its population has one of the highest standards of living in the world. This can partly be explained by the country's rapid economic growth since the Second World War. Benefiting from the development of the European Union (EU), in which it is playing an essential role, and an optimistic foreign trade situation, the French economy has achieved an impressive transformation over the past fifty years. The country's assets are varied and include its transport and telecommunications sectors, agri-foodstuffs and pharmaceutical industries along with banking, insurance, tourism and the traditional luxury products (leather goods, ready-to-wear fashion, perfumes, fine wines and spirits, etc.). Major exports consist of electrical and specialized machinery, passenger vehicles, aircraft, power-generating equipment and iron and steel. Major imports are comprised of transportation equipment, food products, and petroleum products. Imports in France are influenced by the "value-added" tax rate, which is about 20% (30% for luxury items). Because of these high level of taxes, social pressures, and regulations imposed on the French entrepreneurs, France is a great opportunity for foreign importers with lower costs.

A high unemployment rate in recent years (12% of the labor force) has drastically affected the economy. Regardless, investors appreciate the skills of French workers, the advanced level of research, the mastery of high technology, the stable currency (franc), and control of production costs. Employment breaks down with 65% of the population in services, 29% in industry, and 6% in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The per capita GDP is $20,000.

The exchange rate has fluctuated wildly, in recent years, between four and nine francs to the dollar. The exchange rate for the franc is currently about 7 francs to one U.S. dollar. The growth rate has done rather well the past few years, remaining firm at 3% in 1999. Inflation has also been steady in recent years, last reported at 1.3% in 1999.

In 1997 France had a trade surplus of 175 billion francs ($29 billion). The manufacturing industry as a whole has for some years had a comfortable trade surplus. This is due not only to French skills in traditional industrial sectors like the automotive, railway locomotive and rolling stock industries, and agri-foodstuffs, but also to France's success in high-tech industries like nuclear power, biotechnology, telecommunications and aerospace. It devotes considerable effort to promoting high-tech industries by encouraging cooperation between laboratories, universities and businesses in the member EU countries, and has financed numerous research programs to help European research catch up with that in Japan and the USA. It also encourages small and medium-sized enterprises to develop a more international outlook within the EU, by providing them with structures for sharing information and working together on joint projects.

France’s agriculture has been modernized to such an extent that it can now often compete with the USA in a number of foreign markets; its industry has been restructured and encouraged to move into high-tech areas, partially due to support by an impressive transport infrastructure. France is the EU’s leading agricultural economy. It is also the world's second largest exporter of agri-foodstuffs, behind the USA, and in 1999 had an agricultural trade surplus of over 50 billion francs ($8.3 billion). France carries out 64% of its trade with its EU partners. Farm products include wheat, grapes, sugar beets, corn, livestock, and dairy products. Although French agriculture now employs only 6% of the total workforce and accounts for only 2% of the national GDP, it is nonetheless one of France's most dynamic sectors. During the last three decades, it has undergone a remarkable modernization leading to a stunning increase in productivity and yields. This radical change has affected not only rural landscapes and production methods, but also people and their attitudes. Modern farmers running farms as businesses using modern technology and management methods have replaced the traditional farmers with their small family farms.

Government

The Fifth Republic is the current governing law of France and was created in the Constitution of 1958. There are two heads of the executive branch, one being the government, and the other the President of the Republic.

The President of the Republic is head of the National Assembly and the Senate. Together they constitute the Parliament. French citizens elect the President for a seven-year term, and there is no limit on the number of terms. Under the president, resides a Prime Minister, 577 Congressmen, and 321 Members of the Senate. The President is not indebted to answer for presidential decisions to Parliament or to the government. The responsibilities of the President of the Republic are divided into three areas: 1) The President is the guardian of the Constitution: he can lay matters before the Constitutional Council, initiate constitutional reviews and make known his views on the interpretation of constitutional requirements; 2) The President is responsible for the proper functioning of the public authorities and the continuity of the State; 3) The President is the guarantor of the external rule of the State: in this respect his role is to ensure France's independence, the integrity of national territory and adherence to international treaties to which France is associated.

The government determines and conducts the policy of the nation. For this purpose, it has at its disposal the civil service and the armed forces. It is responsible to Parliament. The Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President of the Republic, directs the operation of the government. He or she is responsible for national defense and "shall ensure implementation of legislation" Members of the government are individually answerable to the Prime Minister. The work of the government is also based on two means of enforcement, the Army and the administration, whose activities it directs in accordance with its policy. It is the responsibility of government to determine and direct national policy.

There are now six major political parties in France. For over 20 years, France has switched several times between conservatism and socialism (but still far away from communism). Conservatism held sway until the election of Francois Mitterrand's Socialist Party in 1981. During Mitterrand's 14 years in power, he saw unemployment rise, the trade gap widen, and his bid to nationalize major industries and banks fail. As the decade of the 1990’s advanced and immigration became a heated issue, conservative forces again gained control. This means that the everyday life of France is highly influenced by the State. Individuals with health problems, and the unemployed or retired are protected from bankruptcy by the French social security system; this helps French families to expand. French people are avid readers of public opinion polls. These appear regularly in French newspapers and magazines, and vary in content from the serious to the frivolous. French people are so easily affected by these that it is now forbidden to publish political polls immediately before an election.

People

In 1999, France's population reached 59 million people, making it the 21st most populous country in the world. Almost three-quarters of the citizens live in urban areas. The capital Paris has about 2.2 million inhabitants; Marseilles is the second most populous city, with just over 800,000 people.

Since prehistoric times, France has been shaped by trade, travel, and invasion. Three basic European backgrounds—Celtic, Latin, and Teutonic (Frankish)—have blended over the centuries to make up its present population. France's birth rate was among the highest in Europe from 1945 until the late 1960s, when it began to decline. Because of this growth and immigration, the population increased by one-third in the last 50 years, from 41 million in 1946.

Currently, the French population growth rate is 0.3 percent. Life expectancy for men is 78 years, while women are expected to live for 82 years on average. Traditionally, France has had a high level of immigration. Fifty-two percent of France's non-citizens are southern Europeans. Another 26 percent of the country's people are North Africans, primarily Algerians. About 90 percent of the people are Roman Catholic, less than 2 percent are Protestant, and about 1 percent are Jewish. The country's 1 million Muslims are primarily immigrants.

The French people incorporate formality and sophistication into their everyday lives. It is not at all uncommon to see them greet one another by cheek kissing or with a formal handshake. The French are also labeled with the reputation of being less than friendly to tourists. Outside Paris, French people are quite friendly, and if you make a little effort you'll be rewarded with smiles and heartfelt courtesy. It's well worth learning a little French before arriving in France to help bring out the hospitality.

Diet

France is famous world-wide for its food. From its baguettes (French bread), croissants and Croque-Monsieur (toasted cheese and ham sandwich) available in its cafes, its regional cheeses and famous Dijon mustard, to its onion soup, cassoulet (stew), bouillabaisse (fish stew) and escargots aux grenouilles (snails with frogs' legs).

The French eat more cheese than any other nation in the world - an amazing total of 20.4 kg (45 lbs.) per person per year. France now boasts nearly 400 different varieties of cheese. This statistic only hints at the individualism and variety of cultures. France is a country of sharp contrasts and proud, often defiant, heritage.

In general, the French are very involved with food, and often consume multiple course meals as is true in much of Europe. There are local street markets that provide fresh seasonal foods and their special cheeses and sausages. The French tend to shop often, preparing their meals to suit the locally available foods. The more rural or peasant diet in France consists of potatoes, some meats (sausages and cold cuts), poultry, breads and cheeses, and vegetables.

Meals often include a small green salad, and finish with cheese. Breads, croissants, and pastries, are often consumed daily. Wine and very strong coffee are the national beverages, and are consumed daily.

It is well-known that the stereotypical French meal is heavy in saturated fats; heavy creams and butter are a staple in many dishes. Despite this fact, the French populace suffers from lower incidences of cardiac disease than many other western nations, including the U.S. Much research and medical opinion seems to credit their frequent consumption of red wines with an overall reduction in cholesterol levels. North African food is also available, introduced to France by its migrant workers from the old colonies. Wines are named after their areas of production: Burgandy, Bordeaux and Champagne.

Portugal

Geography

Portugal shares the Iberian Peninsula with Spain in Western Europe. Portugal is only about one-sixth as large as its neighbor, slightly smaller than the state of Indiana. Portugal covers an area of 92,391 square kilometers. Portugal is bounded on the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the north and east by Spain. Portugal has a population of 9.9 million people. The capital is Lisbon with 1.9 million people. Portugal’s terrain is mountainous in the north and rolling plains in the central south. The central coastal region consists of dunes and pine forests. The climate is maritime temperate and the average annual temperature is 61F. Northern Portugal is a rainy region while the extreme south is dry.

Economy

Portugal is an upcoming capitalist economy with per capita GDP two-thirds that of the four big West European economies. In 1999, it continued to enjoy sturdy economic growth, falling interest rates, and low unemployment. Portugal has a GDP per capita of $15,300. Portugal has a labor force of 5m people. The labor force is focused in services, industry, and agriculture. The GDP composition by sector is services 60%, industry 36%, and agriculture 4%. The GDP real growth rate is 3%. Inflation is at 2%. The unemployment rate is 5%. Agricultural products consist of grains, potatoes, olives, grapes, sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, beef, and dairy products. Trade partners are Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK, Netherlands, US, and Japan. Portugal has economic debt outstanding of $13 billion. The currency is being switched to the Euro, which is approximately .91 to $1.

Portugal experienced a trade deficit in 1999 of $10 billion. Exports were approximately $25 billion while imports were approximately $35 billion. Major export products are clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper products, and hides. Major imported goods include machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles, and agricultural products.

Portugal qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and joined with 10 other European countries in launching the Euro on 1 January 1999. The government is working to modernize capital plant assets and increase the country’s competitiveness in the increasingly integrated world markets. Growth is expected to remain stable as the economic integration of Europe proceeds. Portugal has stressed a need for improvement in the education sector in order to speed up the catch-up process.

Government

The government of Portugal is a parliamentary democracy. The chief of state is President Jorge Sampaio since 1996. The head of government is Prime Minister Antonio Guterres. The legislative branch of government is a unicameral consisting of the Assembly of the Republic. They are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term. Sampaio was elected on 16 January 2001 to a second term. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court.

Portugal has been transformed in recent decades. The consolidation of democracy and EU membership in 1986 has brought Portugal into the European mainstream. This new confidence was shown in 1998 with Expo 98 being held in the capital Lisbon. In 1999 Portugal was among the first 11 EU countries to introduce the euro.

President Jorge Sampaio strolled to re-election recently, maintaining the ruling Socialist Party’s firm grip on power. He won 57% of the vote compared to the 35% won by his conservative rival. Portugal has given a second term to every president since the country returned to democracy in 1974. The election had the highest ever abstention rate in a presidential vote. Nearly half the voters did not bother to vote.

Government stability is due largely to the success of reducing the budget deficit. They reduced public spending putting the economy on a strong footing and secured popular support for the government.

People

The people of Portugal are called Portuguese. The population is roughly 10 million. The population growth rate is at 0.18%. The people are of a homogeneous Mediterranean stock.

Throughout history, Portugal’s coastline was populated by various cultures. Ancient Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Greeks preceded the Romans, who conquered the area in 27 B.C. Subsequently, the Visigoths and the Moors governed until the twelfth century. In 1140, Portugal became an independent nation. During the 14 and 15 centuries, Portuguese explorers immensely expanded its empire. Both Spain and France ruled Portugal temporarily before the republic of Portugal was established in 1910.

The Portuguese are a combination of several ethnic elements, mostly Iberians, Romans, Visigoths, and the Moors. The people, for the most part, still live in rural villages while one-third live in the urban areas around Oporto and Lisbon. Portugal has accepted many people from former Portuguese African countries and Timor in Indonesia. These people now represent 7% of the total population. The official language is Portuguese, which is not only spoken in Portugal, but also former colonies in Africa and Asia. It is also the official language of Brazil. Portuguese closely resembles the Spanish language. Roman Catholicism is the faith of more than 94% of the people. The constitution allows freedom of religion and some Protestant churches have been established.

The Portuguese people are expected to live an average age of 75 years. The literacy rate is 87%.

Diet

The cuisine in Portugal is very similar to Spain’s. However Portugal has historically been a great seafaring and exploring nation. This traveling has allowed them to blend influences other than the Mediterranean and Iberian in their cuisine. The many dishes or methods of cooking are quite unique. The liberal use of fresh coriander, native to southern Europe, with cumin and other spices all bear witness to the distant voyages of the past. The flavor of Portuguese seafood dishes, their many regional meat and poultry specialties, as well as the delicate egg-based desserts, are often exotically different.

Having a long coastline it is not unusual that seafood plays a major role in Portugal’s cuisine. The Portuguese eat the most fish in the EU and also the most rice. Bacalhau, dried and salted cod, is almost the national dish. Sardines are also popular. Oporto is famous for its tripe dishes. Meat is often served with hot chili sauce called piri-piri. Some of the rice dishes and various types of sweets recall the Moorish heritage. There is also influence from the former colonies of Angola, Brazil, Goa, and Mozambique.

Wine is also very popular in Portugal. The most famous wines are the fortified port and madeira. Vinho verde is called green because it is drunk when still young. Port is the drink that is synonymous with Portugal.

Portuguese food is cheap, delicious and served in very large portions. To the Portuguese food is probably the second most important thing they think about.

Meal times are very important. The tradition of a specific area or village having its own dish remains very strong and the people will travel long distances to eat the specialty of that village.

Spain

Geography

Spain covers an area of 194,884 square miles, which includes the Balearic and Canary Islands. Spain also has control over the cities of Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa. Spain has a population of 40 million people. The total land mass is equal to that of Arizona and Utah combined. The peninsular landmass is predominantly a vast highland plateau. The central regions are surrounded and dissected by mountain ranges. The islands are mountainous. The climate is predominantly continental with hot, dry summers and harsh cold winters. The rainfall is irregular. A maritime climate prevails in the north with mild winters, warm summers, and generally abundant rainfall. A Mediterranean climate is experienced along the south and east costs. This is characterized by irregular, inadequate rainfall.

Economy

Spain has a Gross Domestic Product per capita of $17,300. The labor force is primarily focused in services, manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture. The GDP consumption by sector is services 63%, industry 34%, and agriculture 3%. The GDP real growth rate is 4%. Inflation is at 2%. Spain has a labor force of 16m people with 64% involved in services, 28% in manufacturing, and 8% in agriculture. The unemployment rate is 16%, which is the highest for the EU. Spain has the lowest birth rate in the world, which keeps labor supply a constant issue. Spain has an agricultural economy that consists of grains, vegetables, olives, wine, grapes, sugar beats, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy, and fish. Trade partners are France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, UK, Latin America, and the US. Spain has an economic debt of $90 billion. The exchange rate is approximately 0.91 Euros to $1.

Spain experienced a trade deficit in 1999 of 25 billion dollars. Exports were approximately $112 billion while imports were approximately $137 billion. Major exported products are commodities, machinery, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, and other consumer goods. Major imported goods are commodities, machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foods, and semi finished goods.

EU investment and modernization have fostered a vast improvement in efficiency while the economy has taken advantage of protection against imports negotiated on Spain’s accession. The processed foods industry has consequently expanded rapidly. The fishing fleet still remains one of the worlds largest. In the manufacturing sector, the decline of older industries has been offset by rapid expansion in chemicals, electronics, information technology and industrial design. Tourism also contributes substantially to the economy.

Government

Since 1978 Spain has been a semi federal multiparty parliamentary monarchy. The chief of state is King Juan Carlos since 1975. The head of government is Prime Minister Jose Aznar. The legislative branch of government is a bicameral consisting of the senate and congress. Members of the bicameral serve four-year terms based on popular vote with no term limits. The Prime Minister is proposed by the monarch and elected by popular vote following legislative elections. Elections are held every four years with the last on 12 March 2000. The Judicial branch is similar to that of the U.S. with the Supreme Court being the highest level.

Spain earned its independence from the Moors in 1492. The national holiday is on 12 October. The legal system is based on the constitution, which was last revised in 1978. They use a civil law system that has regional applications.

The main political issue is increasing regionalism. Spain has 17 autonomous regions, each searching for greater funds or independence from Madrid. Many have bypassed central government to borrow funds on the international money markets. In 1996 the government approved a new model of financing for the regions, which gave them new tax revenue raising powers. Stability is still an issue. As recent as February 2001 violent car bombs set off by nationalist rebels are threatening leaders.

Ideological issues no longer sharply divide the main parties, which hold similar views on economic policy and EU membership. Political corruption has undermined voter’s faith in Spain’s political system.

People

The people of Spain are called Spaniards. Spain’s population is 40 million. In the next few years, little increase is expected, as annual population growth is nearly zero. By 2005, it is estimated that 20% of the population will be over 65 years old, and the normal family will be comprised of no more than four people, with two members of the family working. Many households will be comprised of only one person. Purchasing power will be higher, and the time available to buy and prepare foods will be reduced.

The population is very homogeneous, with the Gypsies being the only real minority. The ethnic groups are a composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types. Spain has been known for its high birth rate but has reduced that greatly in the last few years. The official language is Castilian Spanish and dominates in usage, but is really one of four different languages used among different autonomous communities. The other ones are Catalan, Galician, and Basque.

Spain’s exploration, colonization, and empire are reflected in the number of people in the world who speak Spanish. The Roman Catholic faith covers 99% of all religions. The other 1% is mostly other Christian denominations. Spaniards are expected to live up to 80 years old. Education is excellent with 97% of the total population being literate.

Diet

Spanish cuisine is full of typical Mediterranean ingredients such as olive oil and tomatoes. Many traditional Spanish dishes are served in tapas bars, which are a feature of Spanish life. Some examples are fried squid or octopus, spicy sausage, cheese, eggs, olives, fruit squares, and candy made with almonds.

To define Spain in food terms is easy: olives, olive oil, parsley, almonds, garlic, saffron, chicken, salt cod, seafood, game, and to a lesser extent meats. Spain is the leading producer of saffron, which is the world’s most expensive spice. They say a meal with saffron is a savory experience. Many foods from all over the world are sold in Spain. They have all of the major American burger chains such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendy’s. Different foods are common in different regions of Spain.

Wine and beer are plentiful in Spain. More coffee is drunk than tea. Chocolate is another favorite drink. It was the Spanish who brought chocolate to Europe from Mexico

Consumption habits are expected to change. There is already a clear tendency to higher consumption of prepared foods, diet products, low cholesterol, low fat, and high fiber content. Consumers are also demanding more natural products, and consumption of organic food products is growing. Spanish consumers are very sensitive about food safety issues, any food problem is widely publicized, and measures are taken immediately.

Increasing travel by the Spanish to other countries together with an always growing flow of tourists, is increasing the demand for new products and the interest for ethnic foods and restaurants.

Belgium

Geography

The geography of Belgium consists of an area of 30,538 square kilometers (11,800 sq. mi.), about the size of Maryland. Belgium is located in Western Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany, Luxembourg, France, and the North Sea. Belgium has a terrain much like that of Nebraska where it is generally flat, and becomes increasingly hilly and forested in the southeast (Ardennes) region. Climate is cool, temperate, and rainy; summer temperatures average 77F, winters average 45F.

Economy

The Belgium economy is a highly developed market which ranks tenth largest among the OECD industrialized democracies. Much of the economy is reliant on international trade. Belgium’s GDP stands at 236 billion dollars, with a real growth rate of 2.8%. Exports account for more than 74% of Belgium’s GDP, making it one of the highest exporters in the world. Export commodities include iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds and petroleum products. Belgium functions as a transit and distribution center for many other countries as well as the rest of the European market. It ranks ninth in trading with the United States by importing more than $11.3 billion. Import commodities include fuels, grains, chemicals and foodstuffs. For quite some time there have been many US companies along with other foreign investments that are attracted to Belgium’s economy. Currently, more than 1,150 US companies are located in Belgium, representing more than $17 billion in investment, of which more than half originates from US manufactures. Some of the industries that are prominent in Belgium are engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, chemicals, textiles and glass. The industry production rate is growing at 9.7%. Industry brings in 25% of the total GDP. Agriculture products include sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grains and tobacco. Agriculture is 2% of the GDP in Belgium. The service sector generates greater than 70% of GDP. One of Belgium’s economic problems is their lack of natural resources, so they must import a substantial amount of raw materials. Their unemployment rate is at 12% with the labor force being divided with 69% in services, 28% in industry and 3% in agriculture. The exchange rate is 1 Belgium Franc is equal to 0.02 US dollars. Belgium has a strong economy and is growing at the second highest rate behind Japan.

Government

Belgium is a federal democracy under a constitutional monarch. The Belgium Government is set up under the Belgium constitution, which was put into effect as of 7 February 1831 after gaining their independence from the Netherlands 4 October 1830. The king and his ministers hold the national executive power, whereas the king, the Chamber of Representatives, the Senate, and the community and regional councils share legislative power. Like America’s check and balance system the king’s role in the government is limited to representative and official functions; the minister, who in turn becomes responsible for them to the parliament, must countersign royal acts.

Before 1970 Belgium was a unitary state. Belgium’s leading political parties were long divided. Tension between the two ethno linguistic groups the Flemish and the French-speaking ministers led to major administrative restructuring from the 70s through the 90s. A series of constitutional reforms dismantled the unitary state, culminating in the St. Michael’s Agreement in September 1992 that helped in the establishment of the federal state. Power is now shared between the National authorities and legislative bodies.

Citizens of Belgium are required to vote in national elections. Communal and provincial elections take place every six years, regional and community council elections occur every five years, and national elections every 4 years. Deputies to the council of Representatives are elected directly, as are certain senators, while other senators are either designated by the community councils from their ranks or selected by the rest of the Senate. Each deputy and senior has a language "community" and a regional affliction that they are responsible for.

The people of Belgium have a marked disaffection with regards to their government. The controlled press of political events informs the citizens. Many people consider the medium to be unamendable to the expression of a wide range of opinion.

People

With over 10 million people, Belgium is the second most densely populated country in the world. The population is 10,241,506 over the stretch of land that is 200 miles long and 100 miles wide. Belgium has a growth rate of 10.91-births/1000 population. The Flemish in the Northern half, and the Walloons in the Southern half divides Belgium’s people into two distinct cultures. The languages spoken include French 32%, Flemish 58%, and German10%. Many people also have a second language of English. Fleming makes up 54% of the ethnic groups while 31% is made up of Walloon and 11% is made up of mixed or other. People of Belgium are both smart and very productive. The literacy rate is high with 98% of the population being able to read. Belgium workers are the most productive in the world. Compared to the rest of the world Belgium is some 20% more productive than the next most productive country. Life expectancy of Belgium is 74 for males and 81 for males. Their major religions include Roman Catholic, which makes up 75% of the population and Protestant, which makes up the other 25%. Belgians always tend to come out among those most satisfied with their life and least inclined to immigrate to another country.

Diet

Today Belgium’s people say their food is cooked with French finesse, retaining the fondness for rich sauces and ingredients and served with German generosity. The country is famous for its endive, mussels, waffles, and frites (French fries). Belgium is very well known for their beer. Beer is preferred over any other drink. There are a total of 90 breweries making 400 beers in the city. The second largest brewery in the world is located in Belgium from the company of Rolling Rock.

In Belgium it is normal to start the day with a cup of coffee and a roll or croissant. Later in the day it is common to snack on frites that are sold everywhere throughout the cities, from the streets to the cafes. For lunch it is common much like the US to dine at a fast food chain or bar. Besides being fond of potatoes Belgians are fond of game and meat. Charcuterie, a basket of bread, and beer often make a meal. Seafood and fish are important along with soups that play a big role.

Medieval cooking still influences the cuisine. Almonds and spices are used in abundance. Condiments of mustards, vinegars, and dried fruits are also very common.

Belgium is very well known for their chocolates. There are 20 brands of chocolate shops. Godiva, Leonidas, and Wittamer are among the most popular stores. It is said that getting Belgium chocolate is worth the trip in its own.

Luxembourg

Geography

The geography of Luxembourg is about 2,586 square miles or the size of Rhode Island. The terrain is heavily forested and slightly mountainous; extension of French Lorraine plateau in the south, with open, rolling countryside. Climate is cool, temperate, and rainy, like the U.S. Pacific Northwest.

Economy

The economy of Luxembourg economy is very stable. It is showing moderate growth, low inflation and negligible unemployment. The unemployment rate is at 3%. The central location and geography of Luxembourg is essential to the co-operation with other countries. The economy of Luxembourg was dominated by the steel industry, which boomed the economy back around 1850, until recently taken over by the banking industry. GDP is over $14 billion. In fact the economy is averaging GDP growth of more than 5% since 1985 and the unemployment rate at less than 2.4%. Services, especially banking are a large reason for the growth of the economy. The grand 83.2% of the labor force is made up by the service occupation. In fact Luxembourg as an international center consists of more than 12000 domiciled Holding Companies, some 1300 investment funds and 220 banks that represent the greatest banking concentration in the European Community. Industries include banking, iron and steel, food processing, tires, glass and metal products. Industry makes up 14.3% of the labor force. Agriculture makes up less than 3% of GDP and 2.5% of the labor force. Agriculture consists of barley, oats, wheat, and fruits. Luxembourg’s exports total more than $7.8 billion. Export commodities include finished steel products, chemicals, glass, and other industrial products. Imports reach $9.4 billion. Import commodities include minerals, metals, foodstuffs, and quality consumer goods. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has its own currency called the Luxembourg Franc. It has the same rate as the Belgium franc, which both are used widely around the country. The Luxembourg Franc is 1 to 0.02 US dollars. Luxembourg is a growing economy with a lot of potential for foreign business.

Government

Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy with hereditary succession. The grand duke’s power is primarily formal. The grand duke appoints the prime minister, who holds executive power along with his ministerial council, of Cabinet, who are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies. The members of this legislative power assembly are elected every five years by popular vote. Since 1919 all adult citizens have had the right to vote. The government of Luxembourg is divided into three primary parties. There is the Christian Social Party, the Socialist Worker’s Party, and the Democratic Party.

There are also three advisory bodies that are consulted before the passage of legislation affecting their particular area of the national life. These three groups consist of employers and labor groups, the Economic Council, and the Immigration Council. All three of these advisory bodies advise the legislation of Luxembourg.

Luxembourg is divided administratively into three districts, each of which is headed by commissioner appointed by the central government. Each district is in turn divided into cantons and subdivided into communes, or municipalities. These divisions are responsible for education, public works, and health.

People

The standard of living remains remarkably high in Luxembourg. This is shown by their motto, "We want to stay what we are." Luxembourg’s high foreign population reflects its history of multinational foreign rule. The ethnic groups consist of Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and European. Luxembourgians make up 70% of the people, while resident foreigners such as Belgian, French, Italian, and Portuguese make up 30%. With all of these different languages in their culture there are a number of different languages spoken including Luxembourgian, German, French, and English. Luxembourg is a very educated country with a literacy rate of 100%. The population consists of 437,398 people with a population growth rate of 1.27%. The life expectancy for males is 74 and for females 81. The death rate is 8.91-deaths/1000 population. Roman Catholic makes up the majority of the religion in Luxembourg at 97%. Protestant and Jewish makes up the other 3%.

Diet

Luxembourg cuisine has some German influence. Smoked sausages, hams, and hearty stews, as well as some Belgium influence, with pork, fish, and game. More recently, it has been inspired by the cuisine of its Italian and Portuguese immigrants. It is said that Luxembourgers usually adopt the best from each culture. Much like Belgium, Luxembourg’s beer is not too shabby. During a typical Luxembourg family sits down to eat their daily meal, the meal normally consists of simple, hearty foods. When celebrating a special occasion or when entertaining guests, they will serve the finest French cuisine accompanied by excellent local wines. For starters it is common to have a kind of soup such as green bean soup, potato soup and potato dumplings. Meat dishes include ham in hay, chicken in white wine, smoked collar of pork with broad beans. Snacks include pork in aspic, suckling pig in aspic, and potato fritters. Deserts consist of gingerbread men, cheesecake, apple cake, plum tarts, and coffee. Much like the US over the past 30 years, there has been an emergence of ready-made prepared food and dressings and fast food restaurants. However, on festive occasions and at get-togethers Luxembourg traditional dishes made from scratch are still served.

Netherlands

Geography

The Kingdom of the Netherlands has an area of 16,485 square miles and is roughly the size of Connecticut and Massachusetts combined. It is neighbored by the North Sea, Belgium and Germany. Twenty-seven percent of the Netherlands is actually below sea level. This area is home to over 60 percent of the country’s population of 15.8 million people.

The terrain of the Low Netherlands, meaning the north and the west Netherlands, consists mainly of polders, where the landscape not only lies at a very low altitude, but also very flat in appearance. The central part of the country is characterized by the four rivers Rhine, Lek, Waal, and Maas, which flow from east to west. The landscape in this area has high dikes along wide rivers, orchards along the levees formed by the rivers, and numerous large bridges over which pass the roads and railways that connect the central Netherlands with the southern provinces.

In the High Netherlands, the layers of sand and gravel in the eastern part were pushed sideways and upward in some places by ice tongues forming elongated ridges, which may reach a height of more that 330 feet. The southern part of the Limburg province is the only part of the country where altitudes well over 350 feet occur. The Netherlands highest point, the Vaalserberg rises to 1,053 feet.

The soil in the northern half is mainly of moraine (glacial accumulation of earth and rock debris). In the center and south, the Rhine and Mass unloaded thick layers of sand ad gravel transported from the European mountain chains. Later, clay was deposited and peat soil developed.

The climate is temperate with gentle winter, cool summers and rainfall in every season. Southerly and westerly winds predominate, and the sea moderates the climate through onshore winds and the effect of the Gulf Stream. On average, frost occurs 60 days per year. July temperatures average about 63F and those of January average 35F. The rainfall averages 31 inches, with only about 25 clear days per year. The average rainfall is highest in summer and autumn and lowest in springtime.

Economy

The Dutch economy is expanding combining strong GDP growth with sharply falling unemployment and modest inflation. It is the world’s sixth largest exporting country (third-largest in the export of food), the sixth-largest source of investment and its gross domestic product is the 14^th highest in the world. Economic growth is driven predominantly by investment and consumer spending and also buoyed by sizable income gains resulting from a boom in asset prices. GDP purchasing power parity is $365.1 billion, the GDP real growth rate is 3.4% and GDP per capita is $23,100. The inflation rate is 2.2% and the labor force is 7 million. 64% of who work in the service sector, 36% in manufacturing, agriculture and government. Unemployment is 3.5% but generous welfare benefits have prompted large numbers to drop out of the labor market. The Dutch Guilder exchange rate is 2.36 to 1 U.S. dollar.

The Netherlands has an advanced transport infrastructure centered on Rotterdam and Schiphol as well as one of the world’s most advanced telecommunications infrastructures. More than half of the Netherlands GDP comes from international trade.

The service sector is mainly made of direct and commercial services. Rotterdam is the biggest port in the world, which is why trade is the largest activity in the service sector, followed by transport and communications, construction, banking and insurance and other commercial services.

One of the main features of the Dutch manufacturing sector is its international outlook, not only as an exporter but also in its location of production plants and its willingness to join forces with foreign companies. The main manufacturing industries are chemicals, food processing, and metalworking. The Netherlands is also home to the world’s largest chemical companies. There are also huge natural gas reserves in the north of the Netherlands, making it Western Europe’s largest producer.

In the late 1980’s the Dutch government introduced strict environmental legislation to develop technologies to purify wastewater, neutralizing waste gases and processing industrial and domestic waste. The Netherlands now has some of the world’s cleanest production plants.

Despite its small size the Netherlands is one of the world’s three largest exporters of agricultural produce. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US industry and France. Dairy farming and market gardening are its main activities. The also grow grain, sugar, potatoes, vegetables, fruit mushrooms, trees and flower bulbs. Agriculture employs 5% of the workforce and accounts for 3.5% of the GDP.

Government

The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch. The constitution was ratified in 1848. There are three branches of government, the executive, legislative and judicial. The subdivisions are the 12 provinces.

The Executive branch is made of the monarch, prime minister and cabinet. This makes the Netherlands unusual among western European monarchies, most of which exclude the monarch from the government. The ministers are accountable to Parliament for the government’s actions, but the monarch has no political responsibility. The ministers together make up the Cabinet, which is chaired by the Prime Minister. The Cabinets duties include carrying out the day-to-day business of government, preparing and implementing legislation, overseeing local government, and maintaining international relations. The constitution provides for three High Councils: the Council of State which is the governments chief advisory body, The Court of Audit which oversees the financial management and the Office of the National Ombudsman which is a non-judicial body to oversee how the government deals with individual citizens.

The Legislative branch is a bicameral parliament. The Upper House has 75 members elected by the members of the provincial councils. The Lower House has 150 members elected directly by the people. All Dutch nationals aged 18 or older may vote and stand in elections for the Lower House of Parliament.

The monarch, the ministers, and Parliament all take part in the legislative process. All primary legislation has to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. Elections to both houses are every four years. Parliament may deliberate and take decisions only if more than half its members are present. Decisions are taken by majority vote.

The two key feature of the Dutch Parliament are that they ensure that legislation is compatible with the Constitution and the government cannot govern without Parliament’s support. The two houses of Parliament have four rights enabling them to check the power of the government. The right to set a budget, interpellation, put questions to ministers and the right of inquiry. The Lower House has two further rights of amendment and to propose legislation.

The Judicial branch is the Supreme Court.

The Netherlands has many political parties. The Lower House of Parliament is elected by proportional representation, with parties having to win only 0.66% of the national vote to gain one seat. Nine parties currently sit in the Lower House. The three large political parties are the PvdA, CDA, and VVD.

People

The Netherlands has a population of 15,731,112 (1998 est.). This gives them a population density of 379 people per square kilometer. They are one of the most densely populated countries in the world. 89% of the people in the Netherlands are urbanized which is why they have an excellent bus, rail and subway system. There is one bicycle for every man woman and child in the Netherlands. The main cities are Amsterdam, Rotterdam (world’s leading seaport), The Hague, and Utrecht.

The official language is Dutch, however, in the province of Friesland they speak the Germanic language of Frisian. Religion in the Netherlands is 33% Roman Catholic, 23% Protestant with the largest denomination the Dutch Reformed Church, Islam 3%, other 5% and unaffiliated 36%. Though the majority of Dutch people are no longer members of a church the various religious communities still exert a strong influence on society. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Refugees have come from, France, Spain, Portugal, Indonesia and Suriname.

The Romans conquered the Germanic tribe of the Frisians in the 1st century BC. Other Celtic and Germanic tribes were also inhibiting the country. In the 16th century Desiderius Erasmus and Dutch humanist had wide spread influence, and the Netherlands finally earned an international reputation for cultural life in the 17th century.

The ethnic background of the Dutch people are 91% Dutch, 9% Moroccans, Turks, and others. The Dutch people have very liberal attitudes about sex, drugs, women’s rights, public transportation, homosexuality, the environment, immigration and welfare. The people are very friendly and vocal. They like to discuss, debate, argue, and complain.

Diet

The main ingredient in the Dutch food is the potato. This is usually accompanied by meat and boiled vegetables. The Dutch traditionally do not use very sharp spices and are very fond of pouring gravy on everything. The Dutch are also known for their dairy products and cheeses. They are the number one exporter for cheese and are known as "cheese heads". This along with a slice of bread is what they have for most of their meals.

They also have a strong love of coffee, but do not travel there and ask for a "coffee shop" because that is slang for "marijuana shop". Since the Dutch are strong in agricultural exports, fresh vegetables are a mainstay in their diet. The Dutch like fresh healthy food.

The Dutch are very internationally oriented and you can find meals carrying from Italy to the Orient and from China to Africa. Many restaurants feature meals from other countries but Dutch people would prefer to cook at home and invite friends to dine with.

France: Organically fed escargo.
Helix Aspersa Snail (shell removed). Shipping unit is 1 lb and price is $24.50.
Babalucci (snail in shell). Shipping is 1 lb and price is $19.50.
Supplier: Rider’s Ranch Escargo.

Belgium Chocolates:
Black tuck box with gold ribbon and tag with personal message. Chocolate truffles and cream chocolates.
Supplier: MarketNet.com
Price: $30.06

Dutch Cheese:
Gift box with cow, goat and sheep cheeses.
Shipping unit is 2.8 lbs.
Price is $19.50.
Supplier: HenriWillig.com

Exotic Meats
To: La Flew en Papier Dore, Brussels, Belgium via FedEx
Boucherie-Charcuterie, Paris, France

Products: The Frontier Basket includes:
- Smoked Reindeer Steak (89.0 oz)
- Smoked Reindeer Sausage (17.65 oz)
- Smoked Reindeer Salami (17.65 oz)
- Bothnia Cheese (17.65 oz)
- Swedish Ecological Crisp Bread (22.95 oz)
- Gammel Dansk Bitter Dram (350 ml)

Exporting the meats will be Scandinavia and Denmark from their supplier at www.scandindelicacies.com

Product price: $215.56 USD
Final shipping price:$369.37 USD

Fruit

To: Accor, Paris, France via air

-Baking mixes, bottled fruit, cherries, chocolate coated,
dessert fruit, fruit preserves, glace fruit, jams,
canned fruit, salads

From: South Africa, sugarbird@sbird.co.za

Product price: $15.66 per box plus $9.34 shipping
Final shipping price to France: 100 baskets 18497 FRF ($2500 USD)

Coffee

To: Cafes Pont, Barcelona, Spain
A Malte, Brussels, Belgium
The Grasshopper, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Accor, Paris, France

-Cup of Excellence 2001 Brazil Gift Set
-Exotic Coffees of Central and South America

From: South America via air

Product price: $8500USD for 200 of both packages. Best of Central and South America package shipping rates are $78 each and Exotic basket is $86 each

Asian Tea Basket

To: A Malte, Brussels, Belgium
The Grasshopper, Hotel de l’Europe, Amsterdam, Netherlands

From: China via FedEx

Product price: $150 base price for 100 baskets each
Shipping price to Belgium: $15000 plus shipping
Shipping price to Netherlands: $15000 plus shipping