Government

England is the largest of a four-country group that composes the nation of the United Kingdom. While England is part of a greater nation, it possesses a unique identity in the world community.

England’s (of the United Kingdom) government is officially classified as a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state, while the Prime Minister (currently Tony Blair of the Labour Party) is the head of government.

The Legislative Branch consists of two houses. The House of Commons are directly elected officials, while the House of Lords are four-fifths appointed by inherent privilege. The Judicial Responsibilities also lie with the House of Lords, where several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by for life terms.

England enjoys great political stability. We think that the only key issues to keep an eye on are possible reforms in the House of Lords, and the creation of a new Scottish Legislature.

Geography/Demographics

England is composed of 35 of the United Kingdom’s 47 counties. In accordance, 49 million of the UK’s 59 million people live in England. England enjoys a 99 percent literacy rate.

England is 50,334 square miles, making England slightly smaller than Iowa. Its land is 25% arable, 46% in permanent pastures, 10% forests and woodlands, and 19% "other" land. England also irrigates 1,728 square miles of land.

England has a temperate climate. Sea winds and currents provide this mild climate. However, more than half of all days of the year are overcast.

Economy

England has an extremely stable economy, and is one of the world’s most powerful industrialized nations. It has an annual GDP of about $1.242 trillion. The per capital income is about $21,200 (slightly less than that of the United States).

England’s unit of currency is the British Pound. The United Kingdom is not involved with the "Euro" Currency; but we think that the actions of the Bank of England concerning the "Euro" might be worth watching.

Agriculture/Trade

Agriculture composes only 1.8% of England’s GDP, and only employs 1.1% of their labor force. England’s major agricultural products are potatoes, cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, cattle, sheep, poultry, and fish.

England exports about $180 million worth of goods per year. Major exports include manufactured goods, technology equipment, and other consumer goods. England’s imports are worth about $190 million each year. Imports include foodstuffs, consumer goods, and some manufactured goods.

Diet

English men and women enjoy diets similar to those of Northeastern Americans. They eat a wide variety of vegetables (especially potatoes), fish, beef, and game meats. A possible niche market is in game meats and wild poultry.

It is to be noted, however, that if our firm wants to tap into the lucrative English market, the primary concern must be naturally produced foods. No genetically altered foods, or beef raised with hormones can be marketed. The media is in frenzy over these issues. However, as aforementioned, there is a possibility for specialty meats in the country, in our opinion.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland, which is located in Western Europe, occupies one-sixth of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, located west and north of Great Britain. There is about 5,500 square miles in Northern Ireland, which is about the size of Connecticut. Northern Ireland does not have a problem with pollution, as does Ireland. The people of Northern Ireland are primarily Irish (Celtic or English) decent. The religion of Northern Ireland is mainly Protestant. The government and economy of Northern Ireland are referenced under the England part of this Desk’s reference (see England). Everything else such as geography, demographics, agriculture, diet, climate (slightly cooler), and general information are the same as Ireland, which follows (see Ireland).

Ireland

Government

Ireland is a republic government with three primary branches. Ireland's government and economy is stable at the present time. The branches of government are the executive, legislative, and judicial. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. Over forty percent of the people in Ireland are located within sixty miles of this capital city.

Geography/Demographics

Ireland is located in Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain. There is about 27,135 square miles, which would be slightly larger than West Virginia. Ireland is occupied by 3.6 million people. It has a temperate climate, with mild winters and cool summers, with humid conditions throughout the year.

The terrain is mostly level to rolling interior plains surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on the West Coast. Their landmass is 13% arable, 68% permanent pastures, 5% forests and woodland, and 14% other. Ireland has many railways, highways, and waterways. There are nine major ports in Ireland.

Economy

Irelands population growth rate is 0.36%. The people of Ireland look much alike because most are of Irish decent (Celtic or English). The main religion in Ireland is 93% Roman Catholic, 3% Anglican, and 3% unknown. English is the primary language spoken. The people in Ireland are very well educated and have a literacy rate of 98 to 99% for those above the age of 15. The GDP (gross domestic product) per person is $18,600, which is approximately $8000 lower than the United States. Agriculture accounts for eight and half percent of the total GDP, industry is 38.3% of the total GDP, and services is 53.2% of the total GDP. Ireland has a relatively high unemployment rate, which is 11.8%.

Agriculture/Trade

Some of Ireland's natural resources are zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, and silver. Right now Ireland is having some water pollution problems, which is being caused by runoff from agriculture.

There are many industries in Ireland, such as food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation, equipment, glass and crystal. Agricultural products in Ireland are turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat, meat (fish, beef, sheep, pigs, chickens), and dairy products. Ireland exports chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, and animal products. Most of these goods go to Europe. They also get most of their imports from the Europe, such as animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum, machinery, textiles, and clothing.

Diet

The diets of surrounding Scotland, Ireland and Northern Ireland, which make up the British Isles, are very similar. Overall, there is a high amount of industrialized, processed foods consumed in England along with their classic meat-and-potatoes diet. And some claim that, unlike many cultures, the poorer people often have the worst diet with a lot of refined and fried foods. In general, this northern, cold climate island does not have much agriculture, and therefore does not provide many fresh foods most of the year. Most of their fresh fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts must be imported, and this is usually expensive and seasonal. It is known to be very difficult to find fresh fruits and vegetables in Great Britain; a raw green salad is a rare treat.

Often, visitors from Europe will carry fresh food with them. With this situation, the British have a low intake of high-nutrient, whole foods that are so important to health. In the British Isles, the consumption of red meat is high, with pork and mutton eaten as much as beef. Raising sheep for food is very common in the countryside. Fish is readily available for those that live near the sea, but most often it is eaten fried, with fried potatoes, a meal called fish and chips. Butter is the main cooking fat, and milk, cheese, and butter are also regularly consumed. All of these animal foods provide a high-fat diet, and since this is generally not an exercise-oriented culture., This culture has many smokers and cardiovascular diseases are prevalent in the elderly. With its industry-oriented culture, chemical carcinogenesis is another big concern in Great Britain.

Other aspects of the diet include refined flour products, with a lot of bread, pies, cakes, and pudding. Whole grain products are low in consumption, save a bit o’ porridge for some in the morning. Sugar is eaten regularly in desserts, along with sugar in tea. The British drink a lot of black tea, with its caffeine like agents and tannic acid, contributing to teeth stains and stomach ulcers. Also, beer and ales are drunk throughout the British Isles, with many local brews.
 
 

Government and Currency

The currency is that of Britain in general i.e. the pound sterling, sometimes referred to on the Net as the GBP. This tends to hover around 1.65 to the US dollar. The Wales government is that of the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy. They do have their own local judiciary system, but Queen Elizabeth is the chief of state.

Geography

The land area is just over 8,000 square miles and Wales measures 160 miles long by 60 miles wide. This is comparable to Rhode Island in the U.S. Wales has extensive tracts of high plateaus with mountain ranges deeply dissected by river valleys radiating from the center of the upland area. The lowland area is confined mainly to the relatively narrow coastal belts and the valley floors. Snowdon is the highest mountain at 3,650 feet. The coastline is almost 750 miles long (1,200 Km.).

Economy

Wales has a population of 2,926,900 people. The per capita income is that of the United Kingdom, which is about $21,200, which is a little lower than the U.S. The full-time adult average weekly income is about 343.9 GBP. Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing only make up 1.8% of the total GDP, and most of that comes from the fishing industry. Manufacturing is the main industry of the economy.

Agriculture and Industry

Wales is a land of small farms. Sheep farming is predominant in the mountains and moorlands, dairy and mixed farming around the coast. The old heavy industries which once made the port of Cardiff (the capital city) the busiest in the world have declined to such an extent that even coal mining has almost ceased in Wales.

The British government (through the Welsh Office and the Welsh Development Agency) have attracted English and multi-national companies to Wales with generous incentives but unemployment is still higher than the average for Britain. Recent years have seen a strong growth in the science and technology sectors, however, so this may soon change. Nowadays, tourism is a key employer and revenue earner for Wales. Wales has a wealth of holiday cottages and private hotels, renowned for their hospitality.

Diet

The diet is that of most of the United Kingdom. The Welsh eat a lot of meat and potatoes. Imported fresh fruits and vegetables can be very expensive and seasonal. Meats are usually beef, mutton and fresh salmon. Many of the foods are boiled and bland.

Language

English is the day to day language for most Welsh people. Due to the efforts of many dedicated people the Welsh language still flourishes (and there is a Welsh language TV channel). About 500,000 people still speak Welsh as their second language.

Climate

Wales has the sort of climate often described as "temperate". In essence, this means that it never gets very hot or very cold. May, June, July, and August are the sunniest and driest months, but even in the winter a raincoat and sweater will usually cope with the worst that the weather has to offer.
 
 

Government

Scotland is one of four nations that compose the United Kingdom (the other three are England, Wales, and Northern Ireland). Government in Scotland is currently in two tiers. National government is via the UK parliament in London, through the Secretary of State for Scotland, and the Scottish Office is based in Edinburgh.

Local government is divided into 29 unitary authorities and three island authorities, and they were subject to a major reorganization in 1995. Scotland has its own legal and education system that differs from that of England and Whales.

Geography/Demographics

Scotland forms the northern part of the island of Great Britain. Scotland is 31,510 sq. miles and so it is a little larger than South Dakota. The population of Scotland is 5,310,400 people. There are about 66 people per sq. km.

Scotland is divided into three main regions: the Highlands, the Midland Valley, and the Southern Uplands. The cities Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee together with numerous towns make up most of the population. The majority of Scotland’s industry is located within the Midland Valley. This broad valley averages 50 miles across and runs WSW to ENE across the center of the country.

Scotland includes 787 islands, most of which belong to groups known as the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland. Only 62 exceed three square miles in total area. Scotland is well known for its mountainous and beautiful scenery. Scotland is also noted for its lochs (the name used for lakes in Scotland).

Economy/Agriculture

Scotland has an unemployment rate of about 5.5%. They have an average GDP per capita of about $21,200. Agriculture makes up about 1.8% of the economy, while industry takes 31.4% and services take about 66.8%.

Scotland has the second largest salmon industry next to Norway. They claim their salmon is of higher quality and therefore they receive a higher price for it. Most of their salmon are raised in salmon farms in their harbors.

Beef and sheep are also main agricultural products. The Aberdeen-Angus breed of cattle is now widely reared across the world and is renown for its rich tasty meat, which makes excellent steaks. Scotland also has a wide variety of mutton dishes that are consumed.

Diet

The Scottish diet consists mainly of processed foods along with their classic meat and potatoes diet. Some claim that unlike many cultures, the poorer people often have the worst diet with a lot of refined and fried foods.

Many fresh foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts must be imported. This is usually expensive and seasonal. Many meals consist of stovies (casseroles), porridge and scotch pies. The Scottish love to drink their Scotch whisky, beer, and ales.

Education

The people of Scotland are about 99% literate. The main language spoken is English, although some people in Scotland speak Gaelic. Scottish ethnicity only makes up about 9.6% of the United Kingdom.
 
 

Government

Norway is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government.

King Harald V has been the chief of state since 17 January 1991. The head of the government is Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik (15 October 1997). Oslo is the capital as well as the largest city. It also is the business and cultural center of the nation.

One of the main priorities of the government is to reduce the country’s dependency on international trade.

Geography/Demographics

Norway is made up of 125,182 square miles of land, just slightly larger than New Mexico. Three percent of the land is arable, 27% is in forests and woodlands, 0% is permanent pastures, and approximately 375 square miles are irrigated.

The terrain varies throughout the country. Some areas are glaciated and some small, scattered plains are present. The land is about two-thirds high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys. The 1,703 miles of coastline is deeply indented by fjords. More than 50,000 islands are found along the coastline.

The climate varies as well. The northern part of the country is arctic tundra. The coast is temperate, being modified by the North Atlantic Current. Colder temperatures are found farther away from the coast, and rain is a very common occurrence all year on the west coast.

The population of Norway in July 1998 was estimated to be 4,419,955 people. The population growth rate is 0.44%. Norwegians are mostly Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, and Baltic). About 20,000 Lapps (Sami) also call Norway home. The state church, Evangelical Lutheran, is the most predominant religious affiliation. Ninety-nine percent (1976 estimate) of the Norwegian-speaking population can read and write.

Economy

Norway’s labor force numbers 2,130,000, with most employed by service industries (71%). Other areas of employment include commerce (17.6%), mining, oil, and manufacturing (16.0%), transportation and communications (7.8%), banking and financial services (7.6%), construction (6.1%), and agriculture, forestry, and fishing (5.5%). The unemployment rate is 5.5%, thought to be so high because of the weakness of the economy outside the oil sector.

Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises) and extensively subsidized agriculture, fishing, and areas with sparse resources. Norway is a small country with a high dependence on international trade. The country is basically an exporter of raw materials and semi-processed goods, with an abundance of small- and medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations.

Per capita income in Norway is $27,400. Divided into three sectors, most of the GDP comes from services (62.4%). The other two are industry (34.7%) and agriculture (2.9%). Inflation is steady at about 2%.

The industries that contribute to the Norwegian economy are petroleum and gas (Norway is second only to Saudi Arabia in oil exports), food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, and fishing.

Natural resources found in Norway include petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, and hydropower.

Agriculture/Trade

Agricultural products in Norway are oats, other small grains, beef, and milk. Livestock output exceeds the value of crops.

Norway exports $49.3 billion worth of petroleum and petroleum products (43%), chemicals and raw materials (25%), metals and products (11%), foodstuffs-mostly fish (9%), natural gas (6%), and ships (5.4%). Seventy-seven percent of Norway’s exports go to the European Union.

Imports, again, mostly from the EU (71.0%), include machinery and equipment and manufactured consumer goods (54%), chemicals and other industrial inputs (39%), and foodstuffs (6%).

Jarlsberg cheese, aquavit aged in the cask, and salmon make up a trio of Norway’s biggest food and drink exports.

Climatically, Norway is at the limit of where grain can be grown for human consumption. Norway also does not produce its own sugar.

Norway imports almost half of the food that is eaten.

Diet

The Norwegian diet is very traditional, although Norway is Europe’s top consumer of frozen pizza.

According to the people of Norway, the most "Norwegian" dishes are meat cakes (made with minced beef and fried), lamb and cabbage stew, fresh cod, potato dumplings, lutefisk (dried cod steeped in lye), and dried mutton ribs.

Norwegians are going out for meals more and more often, but what they seem to prefer is a good Norwegian dish, preferably made with Norwegian raw materials. They believe that Norwegian raw materials offer better quality.

Christmas in Norway, as around the world, is a very important time for food. Main dishes along the coast include fresh cod, halibut, or lutefisk. In the eastern part of the country, pork ribs with pork sausage patties and dried mutton ribs are served. Desserts include gingersnaps, doughnuts, cones, rice porridge, and rice cream with red fruit sauce.

Livestock and grain have always been staples of the diet. Milk, butter, cheese, meat, and bread are often served along with fresh cod and herring from the fisheries.

Consumption of meat is relatively low (110 pounds per year), while milk consumption is over 40 gallons per person per year. Taking a packed lunch to work or school is a very widespread Norwegian habit. The people prefer to take a shorter lunch break, and leave work earlier in the afternoon.

The launch of the Euro, the European currency, took place on Jan. 1, 1999. Everyone in the EU accepted the Euro as their currency except Denmark, Sweden, and Greece. The population in the European Union is approximately 325 million and the average GDP per capita is $23,553, which is a little less than the United States.

The countries we decided to focus most of our attention on are France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands. The reason is that these countries are rather wealthy and will spend money on imports. Also, these countries will offer the most for agriculture exports.
 
 

Government

The government is a republic headed by Jacques Chirac. It is relatively stable, however there is an active communist sect that is 2.4 million citizens strong. This is not an immediate threat to the republic but it does deserve attention. The economy is comprised of 2.4% agricultural, 26.5% is involved in industry, and services make up 71.1%.

Economy

France is the fourth largest economy in the world. It is a very wealthy country, very similar to the United States with a GDP per capita of $25,000. The population is 58.1 million. The economy is growing at a rate of 2.3%. There is a high rate of unemployment at 12.4%.

Climate

Cool winters and mild summers define its climate. In the Mediterranean region the climate is warmer, with mild winters and hot summers.

Terrain

France is about twice the size of Colorado. The terrain in France is mostly flat plains and hills in the North and the West. The remainder of the country is mountainous with the Pyrenees in the South and the Alps in the East. Thirty-three percent of the land is arable, 2% is permanent cropland. Permanent pastures occupy 20%, and forests cover 27% of the French countryside.

Imports/Exports

France is almost completely self-sustained in agriculture. It produces wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes, beef, grain, and fish. France is the world’s number one producer of wine and in the top twenty in fish. France imports vegetables, fruits, tobacco, and some seafood from the EU and its former colonies. Exports include wheat, corn, cheese, fish, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and wine mostly to the EU and other European countries.

Diet

The French diet is classified as extremely rich and sauces are prevalent in French meals. The emphasis on natural flavors and aromas is a growing trend in parts of France. French meals are also smaller than a typical American portion. Breakfast or petit dejeuner is the first meal of the day. Dejeuner is the main meal of the day and is served from noon to 2 in the afternoon. It is common for businesses and shops to close at this time. Dinner is the third meal of the day and is not served until eight o’clock.

Each region of France has its own specialties. The northern area consumes more meat and generally a heavier diet, the Mediterranean regions eat more fish, local vegetables, and a lighter diet overall. The rural diet consists of potatoes, some meats and poultry, breads and cheeses, and vegetables. The French do eat pastries and sweets, and they have a high consumption of coffee and wine.
 
 

Government

The government is a republic. Both the government and economy are relatively stable. The economy is comprised of 3.3% agricultural, 33% is involved in industry, and services make up 63.7%.

Economy

Italy’s economy is urban and industrial with a per capita GDP of $21,500, which is slightly lower than the US. The population is 57.2 million. Agriculture mainly occurs in the poorer south and only accounts for 3.3% of the GDP. There is a high rate of unemployment at 12.2%. Most of the industrial centers are located in the northern part of the country. There is an income disparity between the northern and southern sections of Italy.

Climate

The climate in Italy is predominately Mediterranean in the south where it is hot and dry. In the northern part there is an alpine climate.

Terrain

Italy has an area of 116,303 square miles and is slightly larger than the state of Arizona. The terrain in Italy is mostly rugged and mountainous with some plains and coastal lowlands. Arable land makes up 31%, permanent cropland is 10%, permanent pastures occupy 15%, and forests cover 23% of the Italian landscape.

Imports/Exports

Italy’s key exports include wheat, soybeans, tobacco, hides and skins, processed fruits and vegetables, and pet foods. Key imports include vegetable oils, snack foods, cheese, wine, and beer. Italy’s trade partners consist mainly of other EU countries as well as the United States.

Diet

The Italian diet includes more breads, pasta, and cheeses than many of the other European countries. They drink more wine than beer. They do like caffeine and sweets. Some of the meats they eat include veal, chicken, processed spicy meats such as salami and pepperoni, and porsciutto. Vegetables are very popular as well as fresh herbs. Other foods that are common include hot peppers, white breads and breadsticks, garlic, tomatoes, and fresh figs and melons in the summertime.

Breakfast is very light and may only be a cup of coffee or juice. Lunch is their main meal of the day where many businesses close from noon until four. It may include pasta, followed by meat or fish with vegetables and then dessert, which is often fruit that is followed by an espresso. Dinner is generally light with some soup, bread, and wine.
 
 

Government

Spain’s government is a parliamentary monarchy. The government has a pro-business position that is not very popular with the Spanish people since the government’s position helps increase the spreading gap between the lower and upper class.

Economy

Spain’s GDP per capita is $16,400 and has a population of 39.7 million. Spain’s mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is three-fourths that of the leading Western European economies. The deficit-to-GDP ratio is 2.35, the debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to be around 68%, and inflation is approximately 2%. Moreover, the administration has continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy, and has introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment remains the highest in the EU at 21%.

The government, for political reasons, has made only limited progress in changing internal economic advances and its competitiveness in a single currency area. Spain’s economy is mostly made up of services (62%), industry (33.6%) and agriculture (3.6%). Spain’s agriculture produces grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, and fish.

Climate

The climate is considered temperate. They have clear, hot summers in interior Spain and more moderate and cloudy weather along the coast. Spain’s winters are cloudy and cold in the interior and cloudy and cool along the coast.

Terrain

Spain is slightly larger than twice the size of Oregon. The terrain is flat to dissect plateau surrounded by rugged hills with Pyrenees in the north. Thirty percent of the land is arable with nine percent containing permanent crops and twenty-one percent in permanent pastures. Thirty-two percent is forests and woodlands.

Imports/Exports

Spain’s trading partners include other European Union countries, Britain, Japan, and the United States. Spain’s main import is food products. Spain exports vegetable products, onions, and oranges. They have a lot of agriculture products such as olives, grapes, citrus, and fish.

Diet

The Spanish, like many Latin cultures, make the mid-day meal their biggest, stretching it out for hours. From midday to mid-afternoon, everything shuts down, except of course for the restaurants. Then, after this long, leisurely meal (and sometimes even a nap), they return to their workplaces and continue into the night. The evening meal is quite late, anywhere from about 9 PM to midnight.

While most of us are not customed to eating dinner so late, you might consider indulging in the Spanish favorite, tapas, as a light supper, although no real Spaniard would ever do this. Tapas are snacks and dinner is dinner --even if it is at midnight! To define Spain in food terms is easy: olives, olive oil, parsley, almonds, sherry, garlic, saffron. Add these to chicken, salt cod, seafood, game, and to a lesser extent, meats, and you are almost inside a Spanish kitchen.

Spain is the leading producer of saffron, the world's most expensive spice. One ounce of saffron consists of 14,000 stigmas. Spain also makes some tremendous wines that they like to drink with every meal, even breakfast.
 
 

Government

The government in Germany is federal republic. They are a democratic federal state that is based on social justice. The government is stable at this time.

Economy

Germany remains a powerhouse in the world economy. It is a very wealthy country, with a GDP of $28,000 and a population of 81.2 million. The main concern in the economy is that German companies want to locate in foreign countries because it is to expensive in Germany. The unemployment rate in Germany is 12% and has risen for the first time in a year. Other than this, the economy is stable. The industry sector is 34.5%, the agriculture sector is 1.1% and services make up the other 64.4% of the economy.

Climate

The climate is relatively cool. Germany has wet winters and summers with occasional warm tropical winds with high relative humidity.

Terrain

Germany is located between the Netherlands and Poland. It is slightly smaller than Montana. The terrain in Germany is lowlands in the north, uplands in the center and the Bavarian Alps in the South. Only 1% of the land is in permanent crops. Arable land is 33%, permanent pastures are 15%, with forests, and woodland comprising 31%. The best farmland is at the southern end of the northern plains.

Imports/Exports

Agriculture plays a minor role in Germany resulting in few food exports. The products they do export include apples, grapes and wines, and fish (herring, cod, blue mussel, and rainbow trout). Germany imports one-third of their food. Main trading partners include other EU countries, Central Europe, and the US.

Diet

The Germanic diet is a little spicier and even sweeter than other European countries with more breads, cakes and other sweets, potatoes, and meats (beef, venison, and pork), and especially the sausage-type meats. Each region of West Germany has its own type of sausage. Butter and lard are used as the main cooking fats. Fermented foods, such as sauerkraut and sour cream are also consumed. Baked goods are a staple of the German diet.

Hot chocolate and pastries are a favorite late afternoon tradition, followed by a light dinner. Fresh fruits are less available, and the colder-climate vegetables, such as cabbage, cauliflower, and potatoes, are used more than others are.

Former East Germany is poorer and consumes less sugar and fewer desserts. They pickle their food as well. They still eat the vegetables and fruits. Beer consumption is very high, leading to more weight problems than in many other cultures.

Government

The government is a constitutional monarchy and stable.

Economy

The GDP per capita is around $24,000, making it a very affluent country. The economy is growing at a rate of 3.25%. Unemployment (6.9%) and inflation (2%) are both relatively low due to extensive government regulations. The agricultural sector makes up 4% of the GDP and the Netherlands is among the leaders in the world in the volume of agricultural exports. Industry makes up 18% of the GDP and services comprise 78%.

Climate

There is a very temperate climate made up of cool summers and mild winters.

Terrain

The Netherlands, also known as Holland, is about twice the size of New Jersey with a population of 15.5 million people. The overall terrain is made up of coastal lowlands with some hills in the Southeast. The Dutch have an elaborate system of dikes that protect half of the country from flooding.

Imports/Exports

Agricultural production includes grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits and vegetables. A catch of herring, mackerel, sole, cod, and shrimp is also important to the economy. Holland exports large quantities of meat, flowers, vegetables, butter, cheese, and other dairy products mostly to the EU, Central and Eastern Europe, and the US. The Flower industry is huge in Holland, and attracts a number of tourists and international sales each year. The Netherlands imports grains, tropical products, and animal fodder.

The Dutch have used a great deal of chemicals to achieve such high agricultural production in such a small area and has led to many environmental problems including the contamination of groundwater.

Diet

The Dutch diet includes a great deal of fats, dairy products (especially butter), meats, seafood, vegetables, and breads. Vlees Krooketler and meat filled croquettes are favorite dishes that can be found in any Dutch restaurant. Eratensoep, Dutch pea soup, is a traditional favorite. Hutspot, is meat, potato, and carrot casserole type dish, and a very hearty meal. Poffertjes, muffins, are a buttery treat prepared in a skillet.

Analysts: Bob Hladik, Courtney Holub*, Erick Jarecki, Scott Schmidt

Geography

Poland is located in Central Europe, east of Germany, and has a comparative land area of New Mexico. The terrain of Poland is mostly flat plain with mountains along the southern border. Poland’s climate fluctuates with the four seasons and is temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers. The population of Poland is 38.6 million with 99 percent of the population being able to read and write.

Government/Economy

The government is a democratic state, which has been fairly stable and strong except for recent challenges in the agricultural sector of the government. The government export strategy emphasizes a more aggressive export assistance program to help easy the burden of the agricultural sector. The government’s determination to enter the EU as soon as possible affects all aspects of its economic policies. The Polish economy today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition economies.

The privatization of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms marked the rapid development of a private sector now responsible for a least two-thirds of the economic activity. In contrast to the non-farm private sector, the large agriculture component remains handicapped by structural problems, surplus labor, inefficient small farms, and lack of investment.

The GDP per capita is $7,250, and the GDP composition by sector is 6.6% for agriculture, 34.9% for industry, and 58.5% for services.

Agriculture/Trade

The countries agricultural products include potatoes, milk, cheese, fruits, vegetables, wheat, poultry, eggs, beef, and pork. Poland exports only 10% of its food stuffs, but has many other commodities to export such as intermediate goods, machinery and equipment, consumer goods, and fuels. Polish imports include machinery and transport equipment, intermediate goods, chemicals, consumer goods, and foods, which prevail at the bottom of the import list. Poland’s main trading partners are Germany, Italy, Russia, UK, Netherlands, and France. To receive goods and ship goods Poland has a vast system of railways and highways, along with various ports and harbors.

Diet

The Polish are basically poor and consume a less industrial diet with less sugar and fewer desserts. They still use more natural food preparation and preservation, such as pickling foods for the cold winters. The Polish consume rye bread, cabbage, potatoes and other root vegetables, buckwheat, paprika, onions, peppers, pork, pickled fish, and cottage cheese.

Food is expensive and not always readily available. More fresh vegetables, fruits, and whole grains could be added. The country has the possibility of importing some fruit products to be consumed and has a vast array of agricultural products to be exported. The meats are hormone free and well-taken care of.
 
 

Geography

Hungary is located in Central Europe, northwest of Romania with a comparative land area slightly smaller than Indiana. Hungary’s terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains with hills and mountains on the Slovakian border. The country climate is temperate, and has cold cloudy humid winters with warm summers. The population of Hungary is 10.2 million with 99% of the population being able to read and write.

Government/Economy

The government of Hungary is a republic that is currently stable. The government is gaining substantial growth for future relationship with the EU. The government’s main economic priorities are to complete structural reforms, taxation reform, and planning for comprehensive health care, local government finance reform, and the reform of education at all levels.

The Hungarian economy has consolidated stabilization programs and undergone enough restructuring to become an established market economy. The country appears to have entered a period of sustainable growth, gradually falling inflation, and stable external balances. The expected forecast of growth is 4%-5% for 1999. GDP per capita is $7,400 and GDP composition by sector is 7.2% for agriculture, 31.8% for industry, and 61% for services.

Agriculture/Trade

Hungary’s agricultural products consist of wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets, pigs, cattle, poultry, and dairy products. The countries industries include mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals, and motor vehicles. Hungary’s exports are machinery and equipment, agricultural products and food products. Imports consist of machinery and equipment, fuels and electricity, agricultural products and food products. Hungary’s main trading partners are the EU and the FSU. Transportation of products in Hungary is relatively good. They have a good system of roads and railways.

Diet

The Hungarians are poor and have little to spend on industrialized diets. They eat breads, cabbage, potatoes, vegetables, peppers, onions, paprika, pork, small amounts of beef, and a variety of dairy products. Their diet closely relates to that of the Polish. Hungary has the good possibility of being a good exporter of agricultural products and a great importer of some vegetarian based diet products, because the country has came onto a vegetarian kick lately.
 
 

Government

The Czech Republic, as viewed from a political standpoint, is a rather young country. After the revolutionary events of November 1989, which brought about the downfall of the Communist regime, the entire country faced the uneasy task of resuming its pre-Communist traditions and building a democratic political system. A wide diversity of political parties were well established even before the break-up of Czechoslovakia on December 31, 1992.

The constitution of the Czech Republic, which became valid on the day of the birth of the new state, (January 1, 1993) explicitly defined civil rights, the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of power, and the independence of the judiciary. In the Czech Republic there are five major political parties that hold most of the governmental power. They are:

The Czech Social Democratic Party (CDS), Chairman, Miloš Zeman. The CSD has 74 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 25 seats in the Senate. Supporters include manual laborers, people with elementary education, and residents of industrial regions of northern Bohemia and northern Moravia.

The Communist Party (CP), Chairman, Miroslav Grebenícek. The CP currently has 24 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two seats in the Senate. Supporters include pensioners, communists, manual laborers, and supporters of a strong welfare state.

The Freedom Union (FU), Chairman: Jan Ruml. The FU currently has 19 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and three seats in the Senate. Supporters include educated voters disillusioned with ODS and urban dwellers.

The Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People’s Party (CDU-CPPP),Chairman, Jan Kasal. The CDU-CPPP has 20 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 13 seats in the Senate. Supporters include Catholics, pensioners, and voters in southern Moravia.

The Civil Democratic Party (CDP), Chairman, Václav Klaus. The CDP currently has 63 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 29 seats in the Senate. Supporters include voters with higher education, business people, and urban dwellers, particularly in Prague.

Economy

Per capita GDP, or the purchasing power per person, is approximately $10,800, with a population of 10,286,470. Today, the transformation of the economy is nearing completion and there are many encouraging signs of economic recovery. The private sector has begun to prevail in the economy and its influence on general economic development is steadily increasing. Millions of Czechs participated in the unique coupon privatization scheme. The process enabled citizens to purchase inexpensive coupon booklets of privatization points, which they could exchange for shares in companies. Currently, the state owns only the strategic and huge companies, which are slowly being privatized. The goods and labor market is quickly developing and the capital market has been established. Inflation is under control and the rate is expected to stay at or below 10 percent in the near future, according to government and OECD estimates.

The export market is rapidly and successfully shifting to the markets of OECD countries, and exports themselves are rapidly increasing. In 1997 the dominant position of developed market economies in Czech exports and imports has been strengthened. In both exports and imports Czech foreign trade has been concentrating on products with a higher degree of processing.

Geography

The Czech Republic itself is slightly smaller than South Carolina. The climate of this nation is characterized of having temperate, cool summers and cold, cloudy winters. West Czech regions have rolling plains, hills and plateaus surrounded by low mountains. Eastern Czech regions consist of very hilly country.

Agriculture/Trade

The agriculture sector only makes up for a minute 5% of the Czech GDP. The most common commodities are grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, pigs, cattle, poultry, and forest products. Food products accumulate 4.1% of their total exports and 5.6% of their total imports.

Diet

The national Czech dish is roast pork, sauerkraut and dumplings. Another specialty is goulash, often served with dumplings. The main meal of the day is eaten at noon. It usually consists of meat and dumplings, potatoes or rice, and soup. In addition to a simple breakfast and evening meal, Czechs enjoy a snack (svacina) at about 10 am. Tea is the most common beverage.

Czech beer is famous worldwide. The best-known brands are Pilsner (Plzenske) and Budweiser (Budvar), but just as good are Radegast, Staropramen and Velkopopovicky Kozel. The favorite aperitif is Becherovka, a Czech-invented liqueur, potently herbal and touted as having medicinal qualities. Plum brandy (slivovice) is popular.
 
 

Government

The Slovak Nation is also an example of a reformed government. It became fully functional as parliamentary democracy as of January 1, 1993. The legal code has been modified to comply with the obligations of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and aimed at expunging Marxist-Leninist legal theory. Since the establishment of the Slovak Republic on 1 January 1993, Slovakia has continued the difficult transformation from a centrally controlled economy to a modern market-oriented economy.

Economy

The per capita GDP, or the purchasing power per person, is $8,600 with a population of 5,392,982. Macroeconomic performance improved steadily in 1994-96, but privatization progressed only in fits and starts. Strong export performance boosted GDP growth to 4.9% in 1994 after a four-year decline. Annual GDP growth rates are among the highest in Central and Eastern Europe. Inflation dropped from 26% in 1993 to 6% annually in 1996-97, the lowest rate in the region.

Private activity now makes up more than two-thirds of the GDP. Although Slovak economic performance continues to be impressive, many warning signs of possible danger ahead have been raised.

Aggregate demand has surged in the form of increased personal and government consumption. At the same time that the budget deficit is growing, the money supply has been rapidly increasing, which could apply upward pressure on inflation. The trade and current account deficits both are mounting as imports soar and exports sag.

Perhaps most troubling, Slovakia continues to have difficulty attracting foreign investment because of perceived political problems and halting progress on restructuring and privatization.

Continuing economic recovery in Western Europe should boost exports and production, but Slovakia's position with foreign creditors and investors could suffer setbacks if progress on privatization and restructuring stalls and if domestic political problems continue to tarnish its international image.

Geography

Slovakia is approximately twice the size of the U.S. State of New Hampshire and is rather mountainous in the north with lowlands dominating the south. The climate is similar to that of the Czech Republic with temperate cool summers and cold, cloudy, and humid winters.

Agriculture/Trade

The agriculture sector only racks up a minor 5.2%. The most common commodity produces are grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, poultry, and forest products.

Diet

The Slovak diet is also very similar to that of the Czech diet with large cuts of meet centering a meal with dumplings, vegetables, and sour kraut on the side. Beer is the most common beverage of choice.

Geography

Estonia is located in Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Russia, with Latvia lying to the south. Estonia’s total area is about 45,226 square kilometers, which makes it slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined. The terrain is mostly marshy lowlands, and the climate is classified as maritime with wet, moderate winters and cool summers.

Government

The government in place in Estonia is classified as a parliamentary democracy, and has been in power since 1991 when the Baltic Nations broke away from Russia. The government has been stable and will continue its strict monetary and fiscal policies and privatization of its industry and infrastructure companies. The population of Estonia is 1,421,335 people with a population growth rate of about negative 1% in 1998. The population is 100% literate.

Economy

The per capita GDP of the population is $6,450, and the GDP had a growth rate of 10% in 1998 to its current level of $9.34 billion. Inflation loomed at around 11.2%, while unemployment was 3.6%.

Estonia has one of the fastest growing economies in the region. Estonia’s implementation of economic reforms and strict fiscal policies while maintaining a liberal free trade regime have helped stabilize the economy into its current position. Estonia has recently begun talks with the European Union to discuss membership into the union. Estonia has also begun membership talks with the World Trade Organization.

The quality of Estonian products has improved significantly. Rapid economic reforms, liberal trade policy and free competition have played an important role in these achievements.

Agriculture/Trade

The major agricultural products include potatoes, fruits, vegetables, livestock and dairy products, and fish. Agriculture contributes 7.1% of Gross Domestic Product.  Estonian food products and beverages are made from ecologically clean agricultural and natural raw materials. Clean Estonian nature and minimum use of artificial ingredients in Estonian food products and beverages and launching new technology have advanced the quality of Estonian food products remarkably.
 
 

Geography

Latvia is located in Eastern Europe, bordering Estonia and Lithuania. Latvia’s total area is about 64,100 square kilometers, which makes it slightly larger than West Virginia. The terrain is classified as a low plain and the climate is classified as maritime with wet, moderate winters and cool summers.

Government

The government in place in Latvia is classified as a parliamentary democracy, and has been in power since 1991 when the Baltic Nations broke away from Russia. The government has called itself stable despite comments made by the U.S. Center for Strategic Studies. Latvia will continue its strict government spending and fiscal policies and privatization of its industry and infrastructure companies, which it hopes will attract larger foreign direct investment in the country and surrounding region.

Economy

Latvia recently joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and hopes to join the European Union after Estonia. The population of Latvia is 2,385,396 people with a growth rate of about negative 1.5% in 1998. The population is 100% literate.

The per capita GDP of the population is $4,260, and the GDP had a growth rate of 6% in 1998 to its current level of $10.4 billion. Inflation loomed at around 7.4%, while unemployment was 7%.

Latvia hopes continues to use strict fiscal policy and ended the year with a small fiscal surplus, which came from higher that expected income from tariffs and business taxes along with strong restraints on government spending. The economy looks to continue its stable trends.

Agriculture/Trade

The major agricultural products include grain sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, eggs, and fish. Agriculture contributes 9% to the Gross Domestic Product.
 
 

Geography

Lithuania is located in Eastern Europe, bordering Latvia and Russia. Lithuania’s total area is about 65,200 square kilometers, which makes it slightly larger than West Virginia. The terrain is classified as lowland, with many small lakes and fertile soils and the climate is classified as transitional, between a maritime and a continental with wet, moderate winters and cool summers.

Government

The government in place in Lithuania is classified as a parliamentary democracy, and has been in power since 1991 when the Baltic Nations broke away from Russia. The government has been stable and will continue the imposed fiscal and monetary policies and privatization of its industry and infrastructure companies.

Economy

Direct foreign investment is highest here than any of the other Baltic Nations, reaching the $1 billion milestone in 1998. The population of Lithuania is 3,600,158 people with a growth rate of about negative 5% in 1998. The population is 99% literate.

The per capita GDP of the population is $4,230, and the GDP had a growth rate of 6% in 1998 to its current level of $15.4 billion. Inflation loomed at around 8.6%, while unemployment was 6.7%. Lithuania has benefited from a disciplined approach to market reform and strict adherence to fiscal and monetary policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) measures have helped constrain the growth of the money supply, slow inflation and support the growth of the GDP.

Although the economy seems to be quite stable, there is an account deficit annually and is a result of greater demand for consumer goods and falling growth in exports.

Agriculture/Trade

The major agricultural products include grain, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables, meat, milk, eggs, fish, and flax fiber. Agriculture contributes 9% to the Gross Domestic Product.
 
 

The diet of the Baltic Nations is much like the rest of the Eastern European nations. The diet would be classified as an industrial with less sugar and few desserts. Natural food preparation is the chosen method of food preservation. Smoking is used in preservation of both meats and fish. Fish is plentiful from the surrounding oceans and fishes and meats not smoked are cooked by grilling or roasting.

The people of the Baltic Nations also consume bread, sugar beets, potatoes, and whole grains. Food is not always readily available. Fresh fruits and vegetables could be consumed in greater quantities, but the diet of the Baltic Nations is a healthier diet than many of the Western European nations.

Smoked fish, especially trout (suitsukala) is an Estonian specialty and, when it comes to sausages, you can be excused for thinking that the country caters more to vampires than vegetarians. At Christmas time, sausages are prepared from fresh blood and wrapped in pig’s intestine. Blood sausages (verevorst) and blood pancakes (vere pannkoogid) are served in most traditional Estonian restaurants.

No one quite knows what the syrupy Vana Tallinn liqueur is made from. It’s sickly sweet, very strong and an essential part of any Estonian table. It’s best served in coffee, over ice with milk or, if you feel up to it, with champagne.

Estonia’s best beers are the light Saku beer and the heavier Saare beer from the island of Saaremaa, while some cafes and bars serve tasty, warming hõõgvein (mulled wine).

Smoked foods, particularly fish, are popular in Latvia, as are dairy products, eggs, potatoes and grains. Smoked flounder, eel, herring, and pilchards are staples of the country’s diet, while specially preserved lampreys are a Latvian delicacy. Soups and sausage are also popular.

In summer and autumn, fresh berry pies and tarts are abundant. Latvia’s leading beer is Aldaris, but the concoction that prompts the most curiosity is Riga Black Balsam, a thick, jet-black, 45-proof mixture that tastes downright revolting. It’s been produced only in Latvia since 1755.

Dairy products and potatoes are mainstays of the Lithuanian diet, and pancakes are particularly popular. A traditional (and unforgettable) meal is cepelinai, a zeppelin-shaped parcel of a glutinous substance (allegedly potato dough), with a wad of cheese, meat or mushrooms in the center. It comes topped with a sauce made from onions, butter, sour cream and bacon bits.

Sakotis is a tall, Christmas-tree shaped cake generally served at weddings. Dinner on Christmas Eve consists of 12 different vegetarian dishes.

Utenos and Kalnapilis are the best local brands of beer, perhaps preferable to midus (mead), which can be as much as 60% proof. Those who prefer to make their own decision about when to lie down should look for stakliskes, a honey liqueur.

Analysts View

This region of the world although quite poor seems to be catching up with the rest of the world quite quickly. This region is a good source of meat and sausage products, both fresh and smoked. Canned and fresh fish are also available. In addition, there are many companies that bottle the mineral water in the area. There is probably not a good market for importing products but an extensive lineup of exportable value added products are available.

Analysts for Central Europe and Baltic Nations: Brian Devine*, David Franzen, Timothy Higgins
 
 

Overview

China is the world’s fourth largest country with a total land area that is only slightly smaller than the United States. Land divided by its use consists of 10% arable, 43% permanent pasture, 16% forest, and the rest being industrial, urban, and other. The population of China is the largest in the world with 1.2 billion people. Of these 1.2 billion people, 623 million are in the workforce. Eighty-nine percent of the total population of China is literate compared to 97% in the U.S., or 99% in Japan.

China has the largest hydro-electrical power potential of any country in the world. It is currently building the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River of China. The power plant of this dam, in itself, will contain as much concrete as the entire Hoover Dam in the United States.

The new dam will create a reservoir 400 miles long when it is finished. A series of locks will allow the passage of ships and barges into the reservoir. This waterway is expected to increase travel and shipping into the central areas of the country, bringing stronger economic growth to these regions.

Other natural resources of China include coal, iron ore, petroleum, tin, aluminum, lead, plutonium, tungsten, mercury, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, magnetite, and vanadium.

The country of China is divided into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 3 municipalities. These provinces include Taiwan (contrary to Taiwan’s belief and practice) and each area can be compared to one of the 50 states of the U.S. The boundaries of the provinces are based on the language dialects (mainly forms of Mandarin and Cantonese) social customs, ethnic background, and common aspects that the people share within the individual areas.

Over 70% of the population of China live in rural countryside areas, and the country is dotted with over 970,000 villages. These rural areas are more prevalent in the central and western portions of the country, and the infrastructure of roads, railroads, and utilities is limited. Railroads are the primary source of transportation.

The coastal areas facing the Pacific on the eastern and southern edges of the country are much more urban and developed. The countries wealth centers of Beijing (the countries capital), Shanghai, Xi,an, Guangdong, Taunjin, and Hong Kong are all located on the eastern and southern seaboards. The population located around the wealth centers and coastal cities enjoys a higher standard of living and a higher economic growth rate than the people of the central and western provinces do.

Political Characteristics

A centrally based Communist government runs China, and it is classified as a Communist State. The Communist Party came to power in 1949 under the direction of Mao Tse-Tung and was followed by what is referred to as China’s Cultural Revolution. It is rumored that millions of people died as a result of the shift in power, much like the Stalin Purges of Russia before WWII. During the 1950s and 70s, China linked itself with Russia and tried to follow the Soviet (Socialist) doctrine of economics and government. This form of government gives all control of land, industry, jobs, law, and army to the state (Communist Party) and then goods are dispersed to the public as they see fit. Individual ownership was banned and communal projects such as farms, industries, and businesses were set in place.

In 1978, under the economic leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China began to loosen control of land and industry to individuals, but maintained a state monopoly on key industries and tight control over the public. The dispersion of communal villages and industries, and allowing individual control, has benefited the public and China’s GDP has quadrupled in 20 years.

Today, China is still a tightly run Communist State. However, the government is fighting a battle to maintain that control. They are currently trying to change into a capitalistic economy while keeping a Communist form of government and tight public control. One example is the government’s attempt to control access to the Internet. Riots and uprisings by the public are becoming popular events. Many outbreaks are being suppressed by police troops and individuals have been killed, or jailed as dissidents to the state.

China’s problems have been compounded by the control of Hong Kong shifting from British to Chinese hands in 1997. A policy of two governments is now in place. China has promised to allow Hong Kong to remain a Democracy, while keeping the mainland of China Communist. Many experts believe that the two policies cannot be maintained and one of the government forms will be abandoned causing further turmoil. The most likely form to fall will be the Democracy of Hong Kong.

Economy

In 1998 the per capita GDP of China was $750 compared to $27,590 in the U.S., and the CIA lists the purchasing power parity at around $2,800 for Chinese consumers. The growth rate for China’s GDP was 7.8% in 1998 and over the last 20 years the average growth rate has been over 9%.

What these figures show us is that although China is relatively poor their economy is growing quite well, and the middle class is growing quickly along with it. With 1.2 billion people China has a huge market potential for new and existing goods.

Fifty-three percent of the Chinese workforce is involved in agriculture, 26% industry and commerce, 7% construction and mining, and 4% services. Agriculture makes up 20% of GDP, industry 49%, and services the remaining 31%.

China’s income is divided between the wealth centers found along the eastern seaboard and the rural inland of the center and western provinces. The growth rate along the coast is 9.8%, while inland the rate of growth is around 7.1%. One major problem that experts foresee is the unemployment of 450 million rural residents between now and 2007. Many of these unemployed rural residents are expected to migrate to the wealth centers of China’s eastern coast, which will stress their resources and economies.

Between 1992 and 1997 China was the second largest recipient of Direct Foreign Investment. The country received around $50 billion annually from foreign sources. Several issues have slowed this flow of capital in recent months. The Asian Crisis, rumors of a currency devaluation (the Renminbi or Yuan, both names are used) and the default of payments on state backed debt has investors worried and shy about pumping money into Chinese business.

China produces and trades many different agricultural products. China produces pork, fish, poultry, eggs, beef, yellow cattle, seafood (crab, grouper, salmon, and squid) maize, rice, soybeans, mungbeans, many vegetables, and is the world’s largest producer of wheat.

The major trade partners of China are the U.S., Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Germany. China had a total of $151.1 billion in exports for 1998, and an import total of $131.5 billion in 1998. The net total of $19.5 billion, was a 29% drop from 1997. Exports are expected to remain steady or fall in 1999. This expectation has helped to fuel the rumors that China may devaluate its currency to increase exports.

The bulk of China’s exports are in the form of electrical machinery, footwear, toys, garments, plastics, mineral fuels, and leather. Chinese commodity exports cover a spectrum of goods including pork, rabbit, maize, soybeans, honey, chestnuts, peanuts, tea, fur skins (such as mink) and silk.

The main imports of China are electrical appliances, electrical machinery, mineral fuels, iron and steel, fabrics, cotton, and yarn. Chinese agricultural imports include beef, veal, poultry, rice, barley, spices, pasta and noodles, cashews, coconut, orange juice, apples, and melons to name a few.

Food

Food preferences in China differ from region to region much like in the U.S. In the northern provinces salty food is favored, while in the south food is sweetened in its taste. Overall, Chinese food is heavily flavored with different spices and herbs. The food is chosen based primarily on the sanitary conditions of the product. The food served as Chinese in countries such as the U.S. is very different and is called "Americanized," or changed to meet the tastes of that country.

The Chinese prefer to eat as a family unit, and their diet consists mainly of rice, fruit, steamed bread, cooked vegetables, and contains only small amounts of meat. The Chinese prefer to shop frequently for food, and do not store products in large quantities at home. Most of the food products are cooked, and water is boiled due to the unsanitary conditions. Meat is eaten in small quantities based on health reasons (cardiovascular) and economic low income.

Eating fresh vegetables and drinking fresh milk is a rare occurrence compared to consumer practices in the U.S. The Chinese do not know what a salad bar is due to the fact that they eat their vegetables cooked for sanitary reasons and out of habit. Fresh milk is a rarity in urban areas, and the quality is very poor and spoils quickly.

A survey of eating habits in Shanghai shows that the average grocery bill consists of 39% meat (because of high cost) 29% fruits and vegetables, and 20% cereal products. Households with a monthly income under $125 do not usually buy meat at all. When meat is bought; pork, river fish, sea fish, shrimp, and prawns are preferred in that order.

Foreign products that are popular are candies, biscuits, coffee, milk powder, nuts, bananas, apples, mangoes, and convenience snacks of crackers and bread. The Chinese consumer prefers labels that include the Chinese language and suggested recipes for the use of the product. Only 37% of the people asked had eaten in foreign restaurants, and Japanese restaurants were the most popular due to their abundance. American restaurants were recognized as KFC and McDonalds, and their menus are altered to satisfy the tastes of the Chinese.

Geography/Demography

Japan is an island chain located in Eastern Asia between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. It has a total land area of 377,835 square kilometers, which is slightly smaller than California. The climate varies tropical in the south to cool temperate in the north. Japan’s terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous, with narrow fertile valleys between the mountains. The land is 11% arable with 1% permanent crops. Forrest and Woodland make up 20% of the land and cities and other populated areas make up the remaining 20% of the country.

Japan’s population is 125,732,794 according to their July 1997 estimate. Japan has a baby boomer population similar to that of the United States. Sixty-nine percent of the population is between the 15-64 year age group. Fifteen percent are 0-14 years and 16% are 65 years and older. Of their population, 99.4% are Japanese with Koreans comprising most of the remainder. The population growth rate is 0.23%, and their live expectancy is 80.45 years. Japan has a 99% literacy rate, and is considered an well-educated country. The GDP per capita is $22,700. That is just smaller than the United States, which averages $26,000

Economy

A cooperation of government and industry, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a small allocation of the GDP to defense, have helped Japan advance rapidly to the rank of the second most powerful economy in the world. One notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. Industry is the most important sector of Japan’s economy and is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels.

The much smaller agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and food crops. Japan maintains one of the world’s largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.

For three decades the economic growth has been spectacular; a 10% average in the 1960’s, a 5% average in the 1970’s and a 4% average in the 1980’s. Growth has been slower in the nineties. In the past year, Japan has experienced a recession in which consumer spending and optimism is at record lows. Unemployment has increased from its all-time low last month of 4.1% to 4.3%, which is similar to that of the United States.

Government

Japan’s government type is a constitutional monarchy. It is similar in type to that of the United States, since after World War II, the United States helped restructure the Japanese government. Japan consists of 47 administrative divisions, which are similar to our states. The government is completely stable. The citizens of Japan have displayed their complete trust in their political system. Currently, as the economic situation is bleak, the confidence in their government hasn’t faltered.

Imports/Exports

Imports in Japan include 54% manufacturing, 28% food and raw materials, and 16% fossil fuels. Southeast Asia accounts for 37%, US 27%, Western Europe 15% and China 12% of all imports to Japan. Typical commodity products imported include small portions of specialty items such as organic fruits and vegetables, hormone free meat, fruit baskets, and vending machine items including small canned fruit drinks. The specialty items are unique and trendy. New items are always introduced and many catch on.

Exports in Japan include 96% manufacturing which includes machinery, motor vehicles, and consumer electronics. There are few commodity products exported because of Japan’s huge population and small agriculture sector. Southeast Asia accounts for 37%; US 27%, Western Europe 15%, and China 5% of Japan’s export partners globally.

Diet

The Japanese diet is similar to that of the Chinese in that it normally consists of basic rice, cooked vegetables, pickled vegetables and meats, and small amounts of animal products. Further, the Japanese will substitute noodles for rice in many of their dishes. The food in Japan is usually cooked or pickled, except for the fish that is usually eaten raw. Seafood consumption in Japans is much higher than in other Asian countries.

Seasoning is a big part of flavoring Japanese cooking. Miso, which is a basic seasoning, is used in many Japanese dishes. It is distinguished by being white or red, and further the red miso tends to be dark brown with a distinct aroma and flavor, where the white is lighter and sweeter. Soy sauce is also used in ample quantities in Japanese cooking.

The basic trend of the Japanese is to eat two light meals per day, and a larger and usually prepared meal from a restaurant of at home for dinner. Because of this much of what the Japanese eat and drink during the day comes from vending machines. Everything from hot and cold coffee, beer, bottles of liquor, sandwiches, to fruits and cigarettes can be purchased from these machines.

Analysts: James Gartner*, Taylor Thompson, Tyler Weborg
 

Geography

South Korea is a country with a population of approximately 46.5 million people. South Korea is slightly larger than Indiana. The climate is temperate with rainfall heavier in the summer months. The terrain is mostly hills and mountains, along with wide coastal plains in the south and west. Only 2% of the land is used for permanent crops, 1% is permanent pasture, 19% arable land, 65% is forests and woodland. South Korea has 13,350 square miles of irrigated land.

Government

The government of South Korea is republic. The legal system combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought.

Economy

The gross domestic product per capita is $13,700. Agriculture makes up 8% of GDP, Industry 45%, and services account for 47% of the countries GDP. The labor force is comprised of 20 million people with 52% in services and other, 27% in mining and manufacturing, with agriculture, fishing, and forestry comprising 21%.

The primary agriculture products in South Korea are: rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs, chicken, milk, eggs. South Korea is the seventh largest in the world in terms of fish catch at 2.9 million metric tons.

South Korea’s currency is the won. The exchange rate of the won to the U.S. dollar is 1175.5 won to $1.  The total value of exports is $129.8 billion. Their only agricultural export is fish. The value of their imports is $150.2 billion. They import organic chemicals and grains.

Diet

South Korea’s diets are vegetarian based focusing on grains and vegetables usally with some meat, poultry, or fish cooked into one of the dishes. Eggs and milk products, mainly yogurt are another part of the Korean diet.
 
 

Geography

Taiwan is located in eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China. It is slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined. The climate is tropical - marine with a rainy season during June and August. Cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year. The terrain in the eastern two thirds is mostly rugged mountains and in the west gently rolling plains. Twenty-four percent of their land use is arable, only 1% is in permanent crops, 5% is in permanent pastures, 55% is in forests and woodland, and 15% of other uses comprises the rest.

Government

Taiwan has a multiparty democratic regime headed by a popularly elected president. Their national capital is located in Taipei. Since in the past the authorities claimed to be the government of all china, the central administrative divisions include the providence’s of Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu) and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands.) Their chief of state currently is President LEE Teng-hui.

Economy

Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government authorities and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. The per capita purchasing power is about $14,200. Agriculture contributes only 3% to GPD, with more capital and technology intensive industries. Agricultural products in Taiwan: rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, vegetables, fruit, tea, pigs, poultry, beef, milk, and fish. Taiwan is a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam.

Diet

The Chinese food of Taiwan can be divided into the Northern and Southern styles of cooking. In the North dishes are oily without being cloying, and the flavors of vinegar and garlic tend to be more pronounced. Pasta plays an important role in Northern cooking; noodles, ravioli-like dumplings, steamed stuffed buns, fried meat dumplings, and steamed bread are favored flour based treats. Peking, Tientsin, and Shantung are the best known cooking styles of northern cuisine.

Representative of the Southern cooking styles are Szechwan and Hunan cuisine, famous for their liberal use of chili peppers; the Kiangsu and Chekiang styles, which emphasize freshness and tenderness; and Cantonese food, which tends to be somewhat sweet and full of variety. Rice and rice products, such as rice noodles, rice cakes, and rice congee, are the usual accompaniments to southern style cooking.
 
 

Geography

Singapore is the island between Malaysia and Indonesia and is three times the size of Washington D.C. and has 3.5 million people. The climate in Singapore is tropical; hot, humid, and rainy. Thunderstorms occur 40% of all days. Most of Singapore is lowland with a central plateau.

Government

The government in Singapore is a republic within a commonwealth that is based on English common law. Singapore was first established as a trade depot in 1819 and became part of the British Empire until 1965 when the country became independent.

Economy

The GDP per capita in Singapore is $24,600 with a labor force of 1.9 million people. Thirty-four percent of the labor force is employed in financial, business and other services, 26% in manufacturing, 23% in commerce, and 7% in construction. The unemployment rate is currently at 3% and the literacy rate in Singapore is 91%.

Agricultural products in Singapore are rubber, fruits, vegetables, and poultry. Singapore exports approximately $126 billion worth of goods, mostly computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products, telecommunications equipment. They trade primarily with Malaysia, the US, Hong Kong, Japan, and Thailand. The current exchange rate per US $1 is 1.753 Singapore dollars (S$).

Diet

Singapore is the food capital of Asia. Most Singapore food is a variation of Chinese and Malay food, mixing Chinese ingredients with local spices such as lemon grass and coconut cream. Great tropical fruits.

Points of Interest

Singapore’s emergence as a high-rise center of high-tech manufacturing is due primarily to Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew who maintains strict, one-party dominance, political stability and low corporate taxes. Approximately 3,000 multinational companies have offices in Singapore, which has become Asia’s financial hub. Citizens of Singapore enjoy one of the highest living standards in Asia.
 
 

Geography

Malaysia is located on the Malay Peninsula in southwest Asia. It also includes the nations of Sabch and Sarawck on the island of Boreneo to the east. The area slightly exceeds that of New Mexico. The population of Malaysia is approximately 21 million and has an annual rate of natural increase of 2.11%.

Government

Malaysia government is a sovereign constitutional monarchy democracy based on universal suffrage. The Prime Minister and his cabinet advise the Paramount Ruler.

Economy

The ringgit is the currency of the country. The GDP of the country is $214.7 billion, which figures to be $10,750 per capita.

Malaysia’s agricultural products consist of rice, rubber, and palm products that reflect its climate. Malaysia’s natural resources are tin, oil, copper, and timber (which are all major exports). The major trading partners are Taiwan, Singapore, U.S., Western European countries, and Taiwan. The major imports of Malaysia are food, crude oil, equipment, chemicals, and consumer goods.

Diet

Malaysia's diet consists of a vast variety of fruits and vegetables. Rice is served at the majority of meals with different meats. These meats include poultry, duck, kangaroo, beef, fish, and pork. People in Malaysia seem to loke their food a little on the spicy side.

The following countries of the Pacific Rim will receive less emphasis by the Analysts in the export and import plans for this region.
 
 

Geography

Bangladesh is a country with a population of approximately 128 million people. With more than 830 people per square kilometer, the country is one of the most crowded on earth. Bangladesh is approximately the size of Wisconsin and has a very tropical climate. There are three seasons; cool, dry winter (October through March); hot, humid summer (March through June); and cool, rainy monsoon (June through October). The terrain is mostly flat plain, with hills located in the southeast. Only two percent of the land is used for permanent crops and five percent is permanent pastures. The soil is very rich in Bangladesh, yielding three rice harvests a year, but floods and tidal waves have a history of destroying crops and lives.

Government

The government of Bangladesh is a republic. The nation of Bangladesh is the 139th country after their independence in 1971 from India and Pakistan. Their legal system is based upon English common law. Great Britain established their presence in the region in 1857 and remained until after World War II.

Economy

The gross domestic product per capita is $1,330. Their labor force is comprised of 56 million people with 63% of the labor in agriculture, 25% in services, 10% in industry and mining. The unemployment rate is currently at 35%. The literacy of the total population is at 38%. The exchange rate in Bangladesh per US $1 is 45.45 taka (TK).

The primary agricultural products in Bangladesh are rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, milk, and poultry.

The total value of exports is $3.9 billion. The exports consist of primarily garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood.  Forty two percent of total exports go to Western Europe; 30% to US; 4% to Hong Kong; 3% to Japan.

Diet

A typical Bangladeshi meal consists of beef, mutton, chicken, fish, or eggs and vegetables cooked in a hot spicy sauce with mustard oil, yellow watery lentils, and plain rice. Fish comprises a large portion of their diet although Bangladesh has experienced over-fishing which has led to a scarcity of river and sea fish.

Points of Interest

The International Leather Fair (held in Bangladesh) ended on January 29, 1999. Bangladesh received a total of 7.4 million US dollars worth of orders for leather and leather goods from foreign buyers. More than 300 buyers, importers, and agents from 19 countries attended.
 

Geography

Burma is located between Bangladesh and Thailand and has a population of approximately 47 million people. It is roughly the size of Texas with a terrain of central lowlands and steep, rugged highlands. The climate in Burma is tropical monsoon; characterized by cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (June through September); and mild temperatures and lower humidity during winter (December through April). Burma is prone to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides are prevalent during the rainy season.

Government

The government of Burma is a military regime that resulted from a military coup that overthrew General Ne Win and saw General Saw Maung take control. The military coup is believed to have been instigated by Ne Win. Elections were held in 1989 and the National League for Democracy party scored a decisive victory.

Instead, the military regime saw to it that party leaders were arrested and elected officials were prevented from taking their rightful seats. Also in 1989, Burma changed its name to Myanmar and changed its capital's name from Rangoon to Yangon.

Currently it is believed that General Saw Maung has formed a peace deal with the world’s largest heroin baron, Khun Sa. The private army of Khun Sa has also been linked to recent violence against government resistors.

Economy

The gross domestic product in Burma is $1,190. The labor force is 19 million; 65% are in agriculture, 14% in industry, 10% in trade, and 6% in government. The literacy in Burma is close to 83%. Agricultural products consist of: paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, and hardwood. Burman exports account for $693 million. They primarily export beans, teak, rice, rubber, hardwood. Burma's trading partners are Singapore, China, Indonesia, India and Thailand. The current exchange rate in Burma per US $1 is 6.3941 kyat (K).

Diet

Rice is the core of any Burman meal. Add curry, and spicy raw vegetable salad. Almost everything is flavored with a dried and fermented shrimp paste. Sugar-cane juice is a popular drink.

Points of Interest

Burma contains the world’s largest heroin baron estimated production is 2,500 metric tons. The border shared with Thailand contains smugglers, rebel armies, and refugees. This area is where most military fighting occurs.
 
 

Geography

Cambodia is located between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, bordering the Gulf of Thailand. It has a population of 11 million people and is approximately the size of Oklahoma. The climate in Cambodia is tropical with a rainy, monsoon season (May through November); a dry season (December through April). They experience very little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly low, flat plains with mountains located in the north and southwest. Sixty-six percent of the land in Cambodia is forest and woodland.

Government

The government of Cambodia is a multi-party liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy The Gross domestic product per capita is $715, the poorest country in this region. The labor force is made up of 3 million people with 80% employed in agriculture. Literacy in Cambodia is also very low at 35%.

Economy

Cambodian agricultural products are rice, rubber, corn, and vegetables. The exports are valued at $615 million. Exports include timber, garments, rubber, soybeans, and sesame. Trading partners are Singapore, Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the US. The current Cambodia exchange rate per US $1 is 3,537 riels.

Diet

Cambodian meals always contain soup, eaten with the other courses. They typically eat grilled freshwater fish wrapped in lettuce or spinach and dipped into a nutty fish sauce. Salad dishes are flavored with coriander, mint and lemon grass. These flavors are also found in practically every other dish. French influence is found in bread, baked turtles and frog legs. Sweet dishes include sticky rice cakes and jackfruit pudding.

Points of Interest

 In 1969, the United States carpet-bombed suspected communist base camps in Cambodia. This in turn dragged Cambodia into the US-Vietnam conflict. Cambodia was also the home of Pol Pot, the leader of the Khmer Rouge (leftist guerillas) that systematically killed an estimated two million Cambodians. Pol Pot died in April 1998, but a faction of the Khmer Rouge fled to the hills with a few hundred loyalists. Banditry is widespread and border disputes between Vietnam and Cambodia mean little travel throughout Cambodia.
 
 

Geography

India is a country of 980 million people, making it the world’s second largest population. It is located between Burma and Pakistan and is 1/3 the size of the US. The climate varies from tropical monsoon in the southern region to temperate in the north. The landscape in India also varies. The Himalayas are located in the north, there are deserts in the west, flat plains in the central region and the Deccan plateau in the south.

Economy

The government of India is federal republic based on English common law. The GDP per capita is $1,600. The labor force is 390 million. Sixty seven percent are employed in agriculture, 18% in services, and 15% in industry. The literacy in India is 52%.

Agricultural products consist of: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, poultry, fish catch (among world’s top 10 fishing nations). Their exports are $33.9 billion consisting of from gems, jewelry, clothing, engineered goods, chemicals, leather manufactures, cotton yarn and fabric. The current exchange rate per US $1 is 39.358 Indian rupees (Rs)

Diet

India is not a completely vegetarian nation. In the north, more meat is eaten. The food here bears a close resemblance to cuisine in the Middle East and Central Asia. They emphasize spice and eat more grains and breads instead of rice. In the south, more rice is eaten, meals are typically vegetarian, and the curries are hotter. In the south, you do not use utensils,  just scoop the food up with your fingers.

Points of Interest

 Civil unrest is prevalent in the northeastern states. Terrorist attacks, bombed trains, buses and bridges including political killings are typical because of separatist groups and of religious differences. Hinduism is practiced by approximately 80% of the population. There are also 100 million Muslims in India, making it one of the largest Muslim nations on earth. The border dispute between India and Pakistan has led to both countries to test nuclear weapons.
 
 

Geography

Indonesia is a country located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the fourth most populous nation with 213 million people and is the largest Islamic country with some 173 million Muslims. It is three times the size of Texas and has a very tropical climate; hot, and humid but more moderate in the highlands. Indonesia is primarily coastal lowlands although some of the larger islands have interior mountains. Approximately 62 percent of the land is forest and woodland with about 14 percent permanent crops and pastures.

Government

Indonesia’s government is a republic that is broken down into 24 provinces. After the economic crisis in 1997, General Suharto, President of Indonesia finally stepped down and appointed his Vice President Jusuf Habibie as leader. Little has been done to help Indonesia transform to a more open and democratic style of government. Tension between opposition and the military have led to several bloody confrontations.

Economy

The GDP per capita in Indonesia is $4,600. The labor force is comprised of 67 million people with 44% of the labor force is employed in agriculture; 13% in manufacturing; 5% in construction; and 4% in transport and communications. The unemployment rate is currently at 15% and the literacy rate in Indonesia is at 84%.

The primary agricultural products in Indonesia are rice, tapioca, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs. Indonesia’s exports are $54 billion. They are composed of 20% textiles/garments; 16% wood products; 10% electronics; and 6% footwear. Major Indonesia trading partners are: Japan (27%); US (12%); Singapore (8%); South Korea (6%); Taiwan (4%); China (4%); and Hong Kong (4%). The current exchange rate per US $1 is 8,000 Indonesian rupiahs (Rp).

Diet

Many Indonesian dishes are Chinese-influenced. Rice is the basis of each meal, eaten as a soup or with an assortment of hot and spicy side dishes. Fried rice is the most common dish. Skewered meats with a spicy peanut sauce, bean sprouts and veggies in peanut sauce and seafood are also popular. There is a large variety of fresh fruits: custard apples, guavas, jackfruits, mangos, papayas, starfruits.

Points of Interest

 Indonesia invaded and annexed East Timor in 1975. After 24 years of ruling East Timor, Indonesia is currently looking at granting them independence in 2000. President Habibie has asked Indonesians to fast twice a week to conserve rice supplies after food shortages across Indonesia.
 
 

Geography

Laos is a nation slightly larger than Utah. Laos is located northeast of Thailand and west of Vietnam. It has a population of 5 million. Laos is landlocked and is very mountainous with very few plains and plateaus. The climate is tropical monsoon with a rainy season (May through November); and a dry season (December through April).

Government

Laos is a communist state that was established in 1975. France had originally gained control of Laos in the late 19th century until independence was declared in 1953. Laos was pulled into the US-Vietnam conflict when the US began bombing North Vietnamese troops along the Ho Chi Minh Trail located in eastern Laos. When the cease-fire was negotiated in 1973, Laos has the distinction of being the most bombed country in the history of warfare. Recently there has been a move towards a market economy, which has led to a small-scale economic revival.

Economy

The GDP per capital in Laos is $1,150. Eighty percent of the 1.5 million people that make up Laos' labor force are in agriculture. The unemployment rate is currently at 1.7% and the literacy rate is 56%.

The agricultural products in Laos are sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry, and tobacco. Laos’s exports yearly are approximately $313 million. They primarily export wood products, garments, electricity, coffee, and tin. Trading partners include Vietnam, Thailand, Germany, and France. The current exchange rate per US $1 is 2,500 new kips (NK).

Diet

Rice is the foundation for all Lao meals. Almost all dishes are cooked with fresh ingredients such as: vegetables, freshwater fish, poultry, duck, pork, beef, or water buffalo. Lime juice, lemon grass and fresh coriander gives the food a characteristic tang. Other seasonings include hot chilies, garlic, mint, ground peanuts, tamarind juice, ginger, and coconut milk. Dishes served with accompanying plate of lettuce, mint, coriander, mung-bean sprouts, lime wedges, or basil. Create your own lettuce-wrapped meal.

Points of Interest

The UK is investigating potential business opportunities in Laos. Most interested in hydropower. Laos faced an inflation crisis in 1998 that led to rapid currency devaluation. Most economists predict that the economy in Laos will be much more stable in 1999.
 
 

Geography

The Philippines is a stretch of islands in between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam. There are 77 million people in the Philippines. The country is approximately the size of Arizona. The climate is tropical marine; with a northeast monsoon season (November through April); and a southwest monsoon season (May through October). The landscape is primarily mountains with narrow coastal lowlands.

Government

The Filipino government is a republic that gained independence from the US in 1946. Their legal system is based on Spanish and Anglo-American law.

Economy

The GDP per capita is currently $3,200. The labor force consists of 29 million Filipinos with 44% employed in agriculture, 23% in services, 18% in government; and 16% in industry and commerce. The unemployment rate in the Philippines is 8.7% and literacy is at 95%.

Agricultural products are: rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos, pork, eggs, beef, fish. The major exports are electronics and communications (51%); machinery and transport (10%); and garments (9%) for a total value of $25 billion. Their trading partners are the US, Japan, EU, and Hong Kong. The current exchange rate per US $1 is 40.20 Philippines pesos (P).

Diet

Filipino cuisine has Chinese, Malay, and Spanish influences. Barbecued sticks of meat or seafood are popular. Dishes always served with rice, include meat and vegetables cooked with vinegar and garlic, meat stews and a variety of soups, rice, noodles, beef, chicken, liver, sour vegetables. Side dishes include papaya, fermented fish or shrimp paste and bite-sized pieces of crispy pig skin.

Points of Interest

Militant groups have emerged as of late attempting to overthrow the government. The International Rice Research Institute is located in the Philippines. One of the largest American military bases overseas, the Subic Bay Naval Base located in the Philippines is being converted into an industrial complex.
 
 

Geography

Vietnam borders the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and the South China Sea alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia. There are 76 million Vietnamese. The country is approximately the size of New Mexico. The climate is very tropical in the south and monsoonal in the north with a hot rainy season (May through September) and a warm-dry season (October through March).

Government

Vietnam remains a communist state. Vietnam was independent for almost a thousand years until French colonized Vietnam during the mid-19th century. Japan invaded Vietnam during World War II, which led communist leader Ho Chi Minh to fight for independence. In 1954 independence was achieved and brought about the partition of Vietnam. For almost two decades, noncommunist South Vietnam fought North Vietnam until 1973 when US troops withdrew. Two years later Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese and the country was reunified in 1976.

Economy

Vietnam’s GDP per capita is $1,700. There are 33 million people that form the labor force. Approximately 65% are employed in agriculture and 35% in industry and services. The unemployment rate is 25% while literacy is at 94%.

Vietnam’s agricultural products are paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas, poultry, pigs, and fish. Their exports valued $7 billion; and were mainly crude oil, rice, coffee, tea, rubber, garments, and shoes. Trading partners are Japan, Germany, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, France, and South Korea. The current exchange rate per US $1 is 12,300 new dong (D).

Diet

Vietnamese cuisine is varied. They use some exotic meats such as bat, cobra and pangolin and some very unique vegetarian creations. The staple of Vietnam food is plain white rice dressed up with vegetables, meat, fish, spices, and sauces. Steamed rice pancakes are popular snacks. Soups include eel, shredded chicken, and bitter soups. Vietnamese coffee is excellent.

Points of Interest

Economic devastation and the flight of more than a million Vietnamese since 1975 continues to haunt the nation. To replace support from the former USSR (a Communist backer during the US-Vietnam conflict) current trade policy encourages a free-market system as well as trade with the West. Currently, the US has trade embargo with Vietnam. Vietnam and the US have been meeting to discuss a potential trade agreement that would be reciprocal and would call for non-discriminatory treatment.

Analysts: Jason Bauer*, Stacey Keller, Jeff Moon, Beth Voss

Government

Australia’s national capital is located in Canberra. The government is democratic, with a federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign. Later this year, 1999, Australians will vote on their constitution regarding recognizing the British monarchy as official "ruler" of their country. The majority of Australians want to break away from British rule. However,  Australian citizens want their Parliament to elect the president, rather than having a popular election.

The Chief of State is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister is recognized as head of state, with a cabinet being selected among the members of Federal Parliament. Australia had a bicameral Federal Parliament consisting of 76 Senate seats and 148 seats in the House of Representatives.

Economy

Australia has a per capita income of $21,200, slightly less than that of the United States. The GDP composition states that agriculture accounts for 4% of GDP, industry accounts for 31%, and services make up the remaining 65% of GDP. Their economy is stable with 1% yearly inflation rate and an unemployment rate of 8.4%. The official currency is the Australian dollar.

Australia is rich in natural resources and is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so a downturn in world commodity prices can have a significant impact on the Australian economy.

Major agricultural products include wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle, sheep, and poultry. Major commodities include coal, gold, meat, wool, iron ore, wheat, and machinery.

Australia's major exports are coal, non-monetary gold, wheat, wool, and iron ore. Trading partners include Japan 20%, Korea 8%, United States 7.5%, New Zealand 7.3%, and Taiwan 4.8%.

Australia primarily imports vehicles, computers, crude petroleum, telecommunations equipment, and computer parts. Australia primarily imports from the United States 21.8%, Japan 13.7%, United Kingdom 6.4%, China 5.7%, and Germany 5.6%.

Geography

The area of Australia is 7,686,850 square kilometers, which is slightly smaller than the United States. The terrain is comprised mostly of low plateaus with deserts, though there are fertile plains in the southeast. Australia’s land use is as follows: 54% permanent pastures, 19% forests and woodland, 6% arable land, 21% other.

Australia’s climate is generally arid to semiarid. The climate is more temperate in south and east and tropical in the north. Natural hazards include cyclones along the coast and severe droughts inland.

People

Australia’s population is roughly 18.6 million people, with population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. Most people speak English, but native languages are also used. The literacy rate is 100%.

Ethnic groups in Australia include Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, with aboriginal and other accounting for 1% of total population. Major religions include Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%, and non-Christian 11%.

The diets of Australians primarily include mutton and lots of fruit. Australian’s diets are comparable to diets in the US, except for mutton replaces some beef in their diets and ‘sweets’ tend to be replaced with fruits.

Trading Possibilities

Ideas for trading include: exporting animals and wool to Mexico, exporting wool to Japan, and exporting dairy products and seafood to various countries.

Tasmania has a large commercial fishing business. Over 90% of the value of fishing in this area comes from two species: abalone and rock lobster. Scallops are also a major fishing commodity.

One possible niche market is ostrich products. Ostrich meat has the taste, color, and texture of red meat. It closely resembles beef, but has less fat and cholesterol, and fewer calories per gram than chicken. There is enormous potential to develop markets for the meat in Asian and European countries. Recent surveys taken by the Australian Ostrich Association shows that only 10% of the potential worldwide demand for ostrich meat is currently being satisfied. Other ostrich products include leather, feathers, eggs, and oil.

One possible import is hemp. The growing of hemp is illegal throughout Australia, yet there is a big demand for this product.

Another import possibility is wine. This is becoming a popular drink in Australia. There is a high value for wine imported from Europe.
 
 

Government

New Zealand’s national capital is Wellington Dependent. The government is a parliamentary democracy, which is mostly stable. The recognized Chief of State is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the head of government is the Prime Minister. New Zealand has a Unicameral Parliament with 120 seats. Members are elected by popular vote and serve three-year terms.

New Zealand has no formal written constitution, but it consists of various documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments.

Economy

New Zealand’s per capita income is $17,700. New Zealand’s GDP is comprised of agriculture 7.3%, industry 25.9% and services 66.8%. The unemployment rate is 5.9% with a 2% annual rate of inflation. The official currency is the New Zealand dollar.

Primary agriculture products produced in New Zealand include wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables, wool, meat, dairy products, and fish.

Major exports include wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fish, cheese, chemicals, forestry products, fish and vegetables, manufactures, dairy products, and wood. Major export destinations are Australia 20%, Japan 14.4%, United States 10.6%, United Kingdom 6.3%, and Korea 4.5%.

New Zealand’s main imports include machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, petroleum, consumer goods, and plastics. New Zealand’s primary import sources include Australia 21%, United States 18%, Japan 16%, and the United Kingdom 6%.

Geography

The area of New Zealand is 268,680 square kilometers, or about the size of Colorado. The terrain is predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains. New Zealand’s territory also includes the Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands.

New Zealand’s climate is temperate with sharp regional contrasts. Earthquakes are common, though not usually severe, and there is also some volcanic activity.

New Zealand’s land use is as follows: 50% permanent pastures, 28% forests and woodland, 9% arable land, 5% permanent crops, and 8% other.

People

The population of New Zealand is roughly 3.6 million people, with a national literacy rate of 99%. The major ethnic groups are New Zealand European (74.5%), Maori (9.7%), other European (4.6%), Pacific Islander (3.8%), and Asian and others (7.4%).

The official language of New Zealand is English, but Maori is also spoken.

Major religions in New Zealand include Anglican (24%), Presbyterian (18%), Roman Catholic (15%), and unspecified or none (33%).

New Zealand’s food preferences are roughly the same as Australia. They like to eat mutton and fruits, since both of these are readily produced in New Zealand and Australia.

Trading Possibilities

Possible exports include wine, which is produced at vineyards in New Zealand, and is made without any additives whenever possible.

Analysts: Christy Jensen*, John Tiarks, Jake Wilhelm

Brazil is located in eastern South America, and has a total land area that is slightly smaller than the United States. Its total area is 8,511,965 square km. Brazil's coastline stretches for 7,491 km. The climate is mostly tropical in the north and temperate in the south, which is where most of the agriculture takes place. The terrain of the nation is flat to rolling lowlands with plains, hills, and mountains elsewhere. Seven percent of the land is arable. Permanent crops take up one percent of the area. Meadows and pastures take up nineteen percent of the land. Two-thirds or sixty-seven percent is forest and woodlands. Urban areas occupy the other six- percent. The capital is Brasilia, which is centrally located in the nation.

The population of Brazil is 158,739,257, with an annual growth rate of 1.28%. The literacy rate is 81%. The official language is Portuguese, but Spanish, English, and French are also spoken. The are several ethnic backgrounds present in Brazil. These include Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, and Amerindian. The people of Brazil tend to be outgoing and casual.

Government

Brazil, or technically the Republic of Brazil, contains a government much like that of the United States. The nation consists of 26 states and one federal district. There is an executive branch with chief of state Fernando Cardoso at the head. Their legislative branch consists of a bicameral National Congress. The Supreme Federal Tribunal heads the Judicial Branch. There are 20 political parties in the nation.

Economy

The Brazilian economy is largely agrarian, mining, and product manufacturing. Natural resources include iron ore (biggest), manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, gold, platinum, petroleum, and timber. Gross Domestic Product is $785 billion on the national level. It is roughly $3,600 per person.

Exports include iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, and automotive parts. Their biggest export customer is EC, with Latin America being their second largest customer. Imports include the commodities of crude oil, capital goods, chemicals, foodstuffs, and coal.

The U.S. is the largest source of imports of goods, with EC close behind. They have an industrial growth rate of 9.5%, and 39% of GDP is due to industry. Their industries include production of textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, automobiles, capital goods, and tin. Agriculture accounts for 11% of GDP. Brazil is the world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice. While they are the world's second largest exporters of soybeans, other products include rice, corn, sugar cane, cocoa, beef, and some wheat.

Lately Brazil's currency, the "real," has become very unstable. Four years ago, for every U.S. dollar, the rate was .9 reals. Now however, the real has gone as low as 2.2 to the dollar. Currently it is at about 1.95 reals to the dollar. Interest rates in the nation have skyrocketed to between 30-40% in attempts to stabilize the Brazilian economy. Recently the U.S. has volunteered some economic aid to Brazil.

Food

The most prominent food staples in Brazil are beef, coffee, sugar cane, and various fruits. A typical meal in Brazilian households may consist of various types of fruit salads, one of many beef dishes, and black beans. Much of the food has a spicy flavor. In Brazil as in much of South America the majority of beef produced is hormone free and produced by forage grazing as opposed to corn fed beef in the U.S.
 
 

Argentina is located in southern South America bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay. The land area of Argentina is slightly larger than three times the size of Texas. Land description is divided; 9% arable, 1% permanent crops, 52% permanent pastures, 19% forests and woodland, and the rest of the area is of cities and other.

The climate in Argentina is mostly temperate, arid in the southeast, but sub Antarctic in the southwest. Both the rich plains of the Pampas in the northern half and the flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in the south, contain most of Argentina's agricultural production.

Argentina has a population of about 36 million people. Of these people, 85% of them are white, and the remaining 15% are mestizo, Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups. Their official language is Spanish, but English, Italian, German, and French are also spoken. The literacy rate is about 96%.

Political

Argentina is a republic that is comprised of 23 provinces and 1 federal district, with Buenos Aires being the capital. Independence from Spain was obtained on July 9, 1816. Currently, the president of Argentina is Carlos Menem, who was elected by popular vote for four-year terms. The next election will be in May of 1999.

Economy

In 1997 the per capita purchasing power purity of Argentina was $9,700. The growth rate for Argentina's GDP was 8.4% in 1997. Argentina's total purchasing power parity was $348.2 billion in 1997, with 7% of it being in agriculture. Argentina has had a low inflation rate of 0.3%. The labor force totals around 15 million people, of which 12% are involved with agriculture. The unemployment rate of Argentina is about 14%.

Overall, Argentina's economy has been strong due to its rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Argentina has also benefited by its currency trading at par with the US dollar since April of 1991. Price stability and low inflation, along with investments in domestic industry are the results of stable currency.

Argentina produces and trades many different agricultural products. Argentina produces beef, dairy products, wheat, corn, soybeans, sorghum, sugar beets, lemons, oranges, and grapefruit. Thirty-one percent of Argentina's exports go to Brazil, which is a reason for concern, because of the value of the Real. Next are the United States with about 7.8% of the exports, and thirdly, Chile with 7%.

Argentina imports few agricultural products because of its own production. Overall, 22.5% of Argentina's imports are from Brazil, 20% from the United States, and 5.7% from Italy.

Food

The most popular food in Argentina is beef. Argentina beef is very tender and flavorful. Tenderloins and steaks are favorites along with ribs. Their next favorite choice includes Italian pastas. At home and at most restaurants 10 to 15 different pasta dishes are available since 33% of the population is of Italian descent. Spanish food, mainly rice based dishes, are also common.

Argentines have a sweet tooth; therefore there are many bakeries and pastry shops in Argentina. Fresh baked bread, all kinds of pies, and desserts are some of their favorites.

Breakfast is light, cafe au lait with croissants or toast. They have afternoon tea with cookies and pastries. The tea of choice is their national tea, called mate. It is drank from a gourd with a special metal straw. The gourd is passed around and family members share it. Wine is drank with most meals, and especially with lunch, which is considered the most important meal of the day.
 
 

Chile is slightly larger than Texas, stretching 4022 miles along the western edge of South America. Total square miles are 289,112 even though the average width is less than 100 miles. The length of Chile is approximately the same distance between San Francisco and New York City.

Because of its extensive length the country is subject to several different climates, ranging from subtropical in the north, moderate in the central region and sub-arctic in the southern areas. The country has swamps, mountains (Andes), deserts, agricultural regions, lakes and volcanoes. The seasons are opposite of those in the states, with winter being from December to March. Due to the extreme differences in topography there are several different land uses. Arable Land accounts for 5%, Permanent pasture of 18% and forest/woodlands covering 22% of the country.

Chile has 6435 km of coastline, which are serviced by 11 ports and harbors. In addition, Chile has 380 airstrips, 52 of which are paved.

Chile has a population of 14.4 million people. Of those 66% are Mestizo, 25% European, and 7% Native American. The official language is Castellano (Spanish), although certain terms mean different things in Chile than other areas of South America. In addition, English is taught in many schools and is understood by many in larger cities. Most Chileans claim a Christian faith.

Approximately 77% are Catholic and another 13% claim some form of Protestant Christian faith. The population is highly urbanized with almost 84% of people living in metropolitan areas including almost 4 million in the Santiago region. Chile claims a literacy rate of 95%.

Political

Chile is a bicameral republic comprised of 13 districts with Santiago as the capitol. Independence was achieved September 10, 1810 from Spain. The current President of Chile is H.E. Mr. Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, who was elected to a 6-year term in 1993. The next election will be in December 1999.

Economy

Chile has an essentially free market economy. Recent governments have attempted to reduce the role of government influence in the economy, instead focusing on shifting spending to social programs. The current government has emphasized improving the education system and developing foreign markets for exports.

The economy is heavily dependent on a few sectors: copper, mining, fishing and forestry. In 1996, Chile became an associate member of Mercosur and concluded a Free Trade Agreement with Canada.

Gross Domestic Product per head was $4,860 in 1998 compared to Brazil ($4,410), Argentina ($8,310) and Columbia ($2,140). Agriculture accounted for 7.1% of GDP. Growth in GDP has averaged 7% from 1991 to 1998. Inflation is 6% and Unemployment 6.4%. The currency is the Chilean Peso.

In 1997, Chile exported $16.8 Billion of goods to the US (15.9%), Japan (15.7%), United Kingdom (6.2%) Korea (5.8%0 and Brazil (5.6%).

Imports totaled 18.2 billion and were from the US (22.9%), Argentina (9.7%), Brazil (6.6%), Mexico (5.9%) and Japan (5.6%).

Of those exports fish and fish meal accounted for 10% and fruits an additional 8 1/2%. For Imports Chile mainly got capital goods-25%, spare parts 25%, raw materials 15%, Petroleum 10% and food stuffs 5.7%.

Chile produces agricultural products of wheat, corn, beans sugar beets, potatoes, beef and wool. Wine and wool are two of the largest ag products exported.

The most popular fruits are apples, grapes, peaches, plums, pears, kiwis, and oranges.

Popular fish are fresh and frozen fish, mollusks, and crustaceans.

Food

Many national dishes are prepared with fish, seafood, chicken, beef, eggs, and corn. The main meal is eaten at midday, between 12:30 and 2:30 P.M. During the afternoon, tea time is customary. At tea time, a beverage, small sandwiches and cookies or cakes are served.

There are large supermarkets in major cities. Traveling markets (ferias) provide fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and flowers to smaller cities and towns. What is eaten depends on the region, but some favorites include empanadas de horno (meat turnover with beef, hard-boiled eggs, onions, olives, and raisins) cazuela de ave (chicken soup), and seafood casseroles, and stews.

Political

Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1810, and a constitution was implemented in 1917. Currently, the government of Mexico is a federal republic operating under a centralized government. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) is currently in control of the government, but President Zedillo’s approval rating has slipped to 40% in recent weeks. Also, presidential campaigns are beginning to build momentum for elections in July or August 2000.

Economic and Geographical

Mexico has an area that is slightly less than three times the size of Texas. The climate varies from tropical to desert with terrain consisting of high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert. Mexico has a free market economy that is becoming increasingly dominated by the private sector. Under the current Zedillo administration, sea ports, railroads, telecommunications, airports, and electricity have or are becoming privatized.

Trade with the US and Canada has nearly doubled since NAFTA was implemented in 1994, and Mexico is currently pursuing additional trade agreements with most countries in Latin America and the European Union. The GDP-per capita income is $7700. It is expected that the economy will have annual growth of 4% to 5% through the year 2000, if inflation can be controlled. Agricultural products consist of corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef, poultry, and dairy products. Food and agricultural raw materials compose 9% of Mexican exports.

Most of the rural country is poor, however, city centers such as Mexico City and towns like Cancun and Puerta Viarta contains populations with higher incomes.

Diet

The staple foods of Mexico include rice, beans, and corn, with a bit of shredded beef or chicken. Tomatoes and chili peppers are common; hence, Mexican food tends to be spicy. Corn is used mainly used for tortillas or corn bread. Because water and food contamination is common, most foods are well cooked before eating.
 
 

Political

Guatemala has had several conflicts between different political systems in their quest for growth. A succession of center-right governments led by the military and backed by the upper and middle classes tried unsuccessfully to cope with economic disparity in Guatemala during the first 75 years of the 20th century. In 1960, a civil war began that lasted 36 years. In 1996, a peace agreement was signed that allowed the country of Guatemala to become a Republic and elect a president with a Congress. For the past few years, the government has been stable.

Economic and Geographical

Guatemala is the size of Tennessee. The country consists of three main regions: the cool highlands with the heaviest population, the tropical area along the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and the tropical jungle in the northern lowlands. Volcanic eruptions are frequent. Only 12% of the land are arable. Guatemala has a literacy rate of 55%. Guatemala has a per capita income of $3,460. Their economy is growing steadily at 3%. Guatemala is mainly an agricultural nation. Their main trading partners are the United States and Germany. They export coffee, sugar, bananas, and beef. Guatemala does not import any food.

Diet

The people enjoy eating grilled meat but have some spicy Mexican food as well. Corn, rice, and beans are also staples of their diet. Fresh vegetables are not consumed very often, even thought they are available.
 
 

Political

Belize is closely related with the British. It was formerly the colony of British Honduras. Queen Elizabeth II wielded much of the power over Belize through a governor. Guatemala has also made claims to the territory. Belize won their independence in 1981. In 1993, the United Democratic Party won 16 of 29 seats in the House of Representatives. Belize is now democratic. Government is stable but unease remains with Guatemala. Belize is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Economic and Geographical

Belize is about the size of New Hampshire. Most of the country is heavily forested with various hardwoods. Swamps and cays along the coast give way to hills and mountains in the interior. Belize citizens make an average of $2,960 per capita. They have a 91% literacy rate. Belize is growing at a constant rate of 3%. Agriculture makes up 30% of the labor force. They export sugar, citrus, concentrates, and fish. They import manufactured goods and foodstuffs. Belize trades a lot with the European Union along with the United States.

Diet

The Belize people eat fish and beef. Corn, rice, and beans are also staples of their diet. Fresh vegetables are not consumed very often, even thought they are available.
 
 

Political

Their president serves a non-renewable four-year term. In 1821, Honduras was a part of the federation of Central American states after declaring its independence from Spain. That lasted until 1938 when political unrest rocked the country until the early 20th century. Parliamentary democracy returned in 1982 after a decade of military rule. Nicaragua and Honduras face tensions along their border.

Economic and Geographical

Honduras is the second largest country in Central America. It is slightly larger than Tennessee. Generally mountainous, fertile plateaus, river valleys, and narrow coastal plains mark the country. Honduras has a per capita income of $2,000. Their literacy rate is 73%. Their economic growth rate is around 3% with inflation very high at 25.4%. Fifteen percent of the land is arable. Their major trading partners are Western Europe, Japan, and the United States. Exports include bananas, shrimp, and lobster.

Diet

Hondurans eat mainly seafood and beef. Corn, rice, and beans are also staples of their diet. Fresh vegetables are not consumed very often, even thought they are available.
 

Political

Costa Rica won its independence from Spain on Sept. 15, 1821. This day became the national Holiday called Independence Day. The Constitution was inspired by the Spanish Civil laws, which was incorporated in 1949. The current government is a democratic republic.

They are many political parties but the public mainly supports two, the Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC); current Pres. belongs to this one, and The National Liberation Party (PLN).

Economic and Geographical

Costa Rica is slightly smaller than West Virginia. The climate is tropical and the terrain consists of coastal plains separated by rugged mountains. Hydropower has potential for becoming a major resource. Costa Rica's economic growth slipped in 1994 from 4.3% to 0.9% in 1996 and rebounded in 1997 to 3%. Inflation was high in 1995 @ 22.5% and dropped to 11.2% in 1997. Unemployment is moderate at 5.7% but underemployment is substantially high. GDP per capita s $5,500: Fifty-eight percent of the GDP are services, 18% is agriculture, and 24% is industrial. Costa Rica exports coffee, bananas, and sugar to countries like U.S., Germany, Italy, Guatemala, El Salvador, Netherlands, U.K., and France. Costa Rica does not import food.

Diet

Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama  prefer the same type of foods except Costa Rican's like there meals less spicy. Seafood, Italian, French, Mexican, American, and Chinese are the most popular in these countries. Few vegetables are preferred because of mild pesticide regulations. Some of their most popular meats include, beef, chicken, fish, and seafood (seabass, shrimp, and shellfish). Fruits include bananas and mostly oranges. Liked drinks are Pepsi, Coke, coffee and kalua, German beer and of course the most popular is Cerveza, a Mexican beer.
 
 

Political

Nicaragua won its independence from Spain in 1821, the same day Costa Rica won its independence. A constitution was inspired by Spanish Civil laws and came into effect in 1987. Nicaragua government is a Republic. In 1995 the President term was amended to 5-yr. terms.

Economic and Geographical

Nicaragua land area is slightly smaller than New York State. Climate is tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands. Atlantic coastal plains are extension and rise to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes. Most of the land in pastures (46%) and only 9% of total land are arable. Nicaragua has low literacy rate of 65.7%. Their economy was devastated in 1980's from mismanagement and civil war. An economic reform program in 1991 reduced inflation and economic growth rose sharply in 95-97. A recent free trade agreement with Mexico is expected to boost agricultural exports. GDP per capita is a low $2,100. Forty-five percent of GDP is services, agriculture is 34% and industries make up 21%. Nicaragua exports coffee, seafood, meat, sugar, gold, and bananas to countries like U.S., C.A., Germany, and Canada. Nicaragua relies on its own food resources.

Diet (see Costra Rica)
 
 

Political

Panama won it's first Independence from Spain in 1821 and in 1903 won it's second from Colombia. Major reforms were adapted to the Constitution in 1983 since it was implemented in 1972. The current government is a Constitutional Republic. Pres. and Vice Pres. are elected to five year terms on same ticket by popular vote.

Economic and Geographical

Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina. The climate is tropical and has an interior terrain that is steep, with rugged mountains and upland plains; coastal areas are mostly plains and rolling hills. Their land is 7% arable and 44% of total land is forests and woodland. Because of Panama’s location its economy is service-based heavily weighted towards banking, commerce, and tourism. A 1994 economic reform program was designed to liberalize trade regime, attract foreign investment, and privatize state-owned enterprises. They recently joined World Trade Organization (WTrO) and approved tariff reduction; this will give Panama the lowest tariff rates in Latin America. GDP per capita is $6,700: Seventy-four percent of the GDP is services, 8% is agricultural, and 18% is industrial. Exports include: bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, and coffee 2%. U.S. accounts for 37% of exports followed by E.U., C.A., and Caribbean, Panama imports 9% foodstuffs.

Diet (see Costra Rica)

Political

The Bahamas is a British Commonwealth that is in the Caribbean region.

Economic and Geographical

The Bahamas are slightly smaller than Connecticut. The climate type is tropical marine, moderated by warm water from the Gulf Stream. The Bahamas have long, flat coral formations with some low, rounded hills. The per capita GDP is $19,400. The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone accounts for more than 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs 40% of the archipelago's labor force. Moderate growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences led to an increase of the country's GDP by an estimated 3.5% in 1997. Manufacturing and agriculture together contribute less than 10% of GDP and show little growth despite government incentives aimed at those sectors. Overall growth prospects in the short run will depend heavily on the fortunes of the tourism sector and continued income growth in the US, which accounts for the majority of tourist visitors.

Agricultural products produced include citrus, vegetables, and poultry products. They export crawfish and rum, as well as some fruits, vegetables, and poultry. 24% of exports and 29% of imports are done with the United States.
 
 

Political

Cuba has a Communist form of government, which is seen as a threat to the free world. The state plays the primary role in the economy and controls practically all of the country's foreign trade.

Economic and Geographical

The island is the largest in the Caribbean, and is slightly smaller than Pennsylvania. There are flat, rolling plains on most of the island, but the southeast has rugged hills. The climate is tropical and dependant on the trade winds. The government has undertaken several reforms in recent years to stem excess liquidity, increase labor incentives, and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. The liberalized agricultural markets introduced in October 1994, at which state and private farmers sell above-quota production at unrestricted prices, have broadened legal consumption alternatives, and reduced black market prices. Export earnings declined 3% in 1997, to $1.9 billion, the result of lower sugar export volume and lower world prices for nickel and sugar. Imports remained unchanged in 1997 at $3.2 billion. Tourism plays a key role in foreign currency earnings. The disparity between those at the top of the ladder and those at the bottom has increased markedly in the past 10 years. Living standards for the average Cuban remain at a depressed level compared with 1990. Per capita GDP is at $1540 per person.

20% of the Cuban labor force is dependent on agriculture. Cuba produces products such as sugar, tobacco, citrus, rice, coffee, potatoes, beans, and livestock. They export sugar, shellfish, tobacco, citrus, and coffee. They import various types of food.

Caribbean Diet

The diet of the Caribbean islands seems to be potentially very healthful. Fruit and fish are both very plentiful, though they are not usually eaten together. Some vegetables are grown and eaten, especially the sweet potato, taro root, the banana-like plantain, and breadfruit. The coconut is also popular. Many natives drink its milk for nourishment before eating its meat. Coconut milk and meat are used in many tropical dishes. The island diet is generally a light one, often with more raw foods than cooked ones, appropriate for keeping energy up in these humid climates.

However, problems of malnourishment, obesity, loss of teeth, diabetes, and other diseases have increased since the islanders have adopted a more Westernized diet, consuming more refined, canned, and fried foods, sodas and other sugar products. This trend, occurring within native cultures around the world, must be addressed and changed for the peoples of this Earth to be healthier.

Note:  * by an Analyst’s name denotes Chair of that Desk